Storage Heaters

Introduction to storage heaters

Storage heaters have long been a popular solution for UK households looking to balance warmth and energy efficiency. They are uniquely designed to take advantage of off-peak electricity rates and release heat slowly over the day, making them a cost-effective option for many. With heating accounting for over half of the average domestic energy bill in the UK, it is no surprise that people are constantly on the lookout for more affordable and environmentally friendly ways to keep their homes warm. Storage heaters offer a distinctly British appeal, seamlessly fitting into the national grid’s dual-rate tariff system and providing comfort at a lower cost.

Storage heaters emerged as a practical choice in the mid-20th century, when electricity providers introduced “Economy 7” tariffs that rewarded consumers for using electricity during off-peak hours. Over time, technology has improved significantly, leading to more efficient materials for heat retention and better overall design. Today, storage heaters come in a variety of models, offering features such as fan-assisted heat release, precise temperature controls, and smart connectivity. They remain a valid choice for thousands of homes across the UK, particularly in regions not served by the gas grid.

Still, making the decision to install or replace a storage heater is not always straightforward. There are several factors to consider, including whether your home has adequate insulation, how regularly you plan to occupy certain rooms, and which tariff your electricity provider offers. These considerations can be overwhelming, especially if you are new to the concept of storage heating. This guide has been crafted to address these questions methodically and reassure you that with the right knowledge and planning, storage heaters can be an excellent way to stay comfortable throughout the colder seasons.

Unlike some heating systems, storage heaters rely on thermal bricks that retain heat. They can be more predictable and stable in heat output than systems reliant on on-demand power. In many cases, householders find that once they understand the controls and plan their usage around off-peak times, they can substantially reduce their electricity costs. However, it is important to emphasise that no heating system is perfect for every single scenario. Storage heaters might not offer the same immediate warmth as a gas boiler system or certain forms of modern electric heating. Furthermore, if you do not make effective use of off-peak energy, you could risk higher bills.

In this guide, we will cover the technical aspects of how storage heaters work, the variety of options available, and the details of installation and operation. We will also delve into how energy tariffs affect costs, how to properly maintain and troubleshoot your storage heater, and how to weigh the environmental implications of your heating choices. By the time you have finished reading, you should feel confident in understanding the basics of storage heating technology and be well-prepared to decide whether it is the right option for your home.

How storage heaters work

Storage heaters operate by collecting and retaining heat generated during off-peak electricity hours, then releasing it slowly throughout the day. This process may sound simple, but it relies on the science of heat retention, thermal mass, and regulated discharge. Knowing how this mechanism works can help you use your storage heaters more effectively, reduce energy wastage, and ultimately save money on your electricity bill.

The core component of a storage heater is typically a set of high-density bricks made from ceramic or other heat-retaining materials. During off-peak hours—most commonly at night—electric elements inside the heater warm these bricks. Because off-peak electricity is usually offered at a lower price under tariffs like Economy 7, the cost of generating the heat is significantly reduced compared to standard daytime rates. Once the bricks are heated, they act like a thermal battery, gradually releasing warmth throughout the day.

Most modern storage heaters feature input and output controls that let you customise how much heat is stored and how quickly it is released. The input control determines the level of overnight charging. If you know it will be particularly cold, you might set a higher input so more heat is absorbed. The output control dictates how quickly the stored heat is released. For example, you can reduce the output setting overnight to conserve warmth for daytime. Additionally, fan-assisted models allow for better control by actively distributing the stored heat rather than relying on passive radiation.

Understanding how your storage heater releases heat is crucial. Traditional storage heaters rely primarily on convection and radiation to distribute warmth. Convection occurs as hot air rises from the heater, drawing cooler air in from below. Radiation, meanwhile, provides warmth to surfaces and objects in direct line of sight. With fan-assisted models, a small fan can circulate hot air more efficiently, but these models might also consume slightly more electricity because of the fan’s energy requirement.

A common concern is that storage heaters can run out of heat in the late afternoon or evening, leaving the home cool before the next recharge period. While this can occur, particularly on very cold days, proper management of your output settings can help prevent running out of warmth. If you find you are regularly out of heat by early evening, you might need to increase your input setting for the following night or reduce the output during the day when full heating is not absolutely necessary. Over time, you will learn to adjust the settings to match your daily routine and comfort levels, providing both consistency and efficiency in heating.

To help you envision the components of a typical storage heater, here is a simple table illustrating the main parts:

Learning exactly how your storage heater creates and distributes warmth is the key to maximising comfort and efficiency. In the following sections, we will examine the different types of storage heaters on the market, guide you through the considerations for installation, and explore the best ways to manage running costs.

Types of storage heaters

When choosing a storage heater, UK consumers have a variety of options. From basic manual models to advanced smart systems with multiple settings and programming capabilities, storage heaters are far from one-size-fits-all. In this section, we will cover the primary types of storage heaters available, along with their distinct features, so you can make an informed decision tailored to your needs.

The most common distinction in storage heaters is between manual and automatic (sometimes called ‘dynamic’) models. Manual storage heaters require you to set the input and output controls yourself, often on a daily basis. These models are typically less expensive to purchase but require frequent attention to achieve the best balance between comfort and cost. Automatic models, on the other hand, use built-in sensors to adjust their charging based on the ambient temperature, making them more user-friendly. Automatic heaters may also adapt to seasonal variations, drawing in more electricity on colder nights and less when temperatures are milder.

Fan-assisted storage heaters are another category that has grown in popularity. These units feature an internal fan to distribute heat more evenly. When properly managed, a fan-assisted heater can deliver a consistent temperature across a larger space, reducing the occurrence of cold spots. However, they do use a small amount of electricity for the fan itself. For households that prioritise even and quick heat distribution over the absolute lowest energy usage, fan-assisted units can be an ideal compromise.

Another type is the high heat retention or high-efficiency storage heater. These incorporate improved insulation materials to reduce heat loss and are often fitted with advanced controls. Their construction allows them to retain heat for longer periods, meaning less wasted energy. High heat retention models are especially useful for those who experience variable schedules or who want to ensure a reliable source of heat even into the evening. However, they can be more expensive to purchase and install, making it important to calculate your potential savings over the life of the heater.

In addition to these main categories, some manufacturers now offer smart storage heaters, which can be controlled via mobile apps or integrated with home automation systems. This allows you to monitor and adjust settings remotely, so you can tweak your heating schedule based on changing plans. Smart storage heaters can also provide more detailed insights into energy usage, helping you optimise for lower bills. However, they usually come at a premium price.

When selecting the right type of storage heater, consider your household’s lifestyle. If you are home consistently at certain times, a manual model might suit your routine well. If your schedule changes frequently or you prefer a more hands-off approach, you might lean towards an automatic or smart model. Also think about the size of the space you are heating, how well your home is insulated, and your budget. Smaller properties with good insulation may not need high heat retention models, while larger homes with less insulation could benefit significantly from them.

In the next section, we will explore the installation requirements for different storage heater types. This information will help you pinpoint which model is right for your property and give you a better understanding of the potential costs involved.

Installation and requirements

Installing storage heaters typically involves a few key considerations: the electrical supply, the physical positioning of the units, and any building regulations that may apply in the UK. Getting the installation right is crucial not only for efficiency but also for safety. Although storage heaters are generally straightforward to fit compared to central heating systems, it is still best to rely on professionals for guidance—particularly for any electrical work.

Before purchasing any storage heater, you should confirm that you have an appropriate off-peak electricity tariff available in your area. Most commonly, these come in the form of Economy 7, which provides cheaper rates for around seven hours overnight. Some energy suppliers also offer Economy 10, which includes additional off-peak hours during the day. Without an off-peak tariff, storage heaters lose much of their cost-saving appeal. When arranging an installer, ask them if you require a dual-rate meter or an upgrade to your existing meter.

Next, think about the space in which the heater will be placed. Storage heaters need sufficient clearance around them to allow for air circulation. This ensures heat can be distributed effectively and prevents the heater from overheating. Consult the manufacturer’s guidelines for minimum clearance distances from walls, curtains, and furniture. Often, these guidelines will mention keeping flammable materials at a safe distance. It is also wise to factor in the weight of storage heaters; they can be heavier than other electric heaters due to the dense thermal bricks inside. Reinforcement may be required if you are installing them on higher storeys.

During the installation, qualified electricians typically set up a dedicated circuit for each storage heater, separate from your normal electricity supply circuit. This arrangement ensures the heaters draw current only during off-peak hours (controlled by a time switch or by the meter itself) and prevents any unintended draw during peak rate periods. For older properties, you may need to update your fuse box or consumer unit to handle the additional load safely. Building regulations in the UK often require that electrical work in the home meets certain standards, so confirm that your chosen professional is registered under an approved scheme such as NICEIC or ELECSA.

Finally, if you live in a rented property, consult your landlord or letting agency before making any changes. It is usually the landlord’s responsibility to ensure the property has adequate heating, so they may agree to replace inefficient or broken heaters with newer storage heater models.

Below is a concise overview in a table format of what you should consider for a smooth installation process:

Installation AspectKey ConsiderationsElectrical supplyRequires a dedicated off-peak circuit and possibly a dual-rate meterPhysical positioningHeavier than standard heaters; ensure adequate clearance and stable wall supportBuilding regulationsMust comply with Part P in England and Wales; use qualified electriciansTenant-landlord agreementsConfirm permissions if you do not own the property

Once your new storage heaters are in place, it is important to learn how to operate them effectively. In the next section, we will guide you through adjusting the controls to optimise comfort and savings.

Operating and adjusting controls

Operating storage heaters efficiently comes down to understanding the input and output settings—or, in the case of more advanced models, digital and automated controls. By mastering these, you can regulate how much heat is stored overnight and control how quickly that heat is released throughout the following day. This is key to achieving the right balance between comfort and cost.

When you first get your storage heater, it can be tempting to set both the input and output to maximum. However, this could lead to overheating rooms in the morning and insufficient warmth in the evening. Instead, start with a moderate input setting that aligns with the expected weather. Over time, you will develop a feel for how much heat your home needs. For particularly cold nights, you can increase the input slightly. If the day ahead is forecasted to be milder, you might lower the input to conserve energy.

The output setting is equally important. A high output setting will release the stored heat more rapidly, providing a burst of warmth. While this can be beneficial during the coldest parts of the day, be mindful that you might run out of heat sooner if the output is too high for too long. Conversely, keeping the output too low could mean you feel chilly during times when you need heat the most. Striking a balance usually involves adjusting the output throughout the day, especially if you work from home or have varying schedules.

Modern storage heaters often come with digital controls that allow you to set a daily or weekly schedule. These may also feature an override or boost function, which supplies extra heat on demand, albeit at a higher electricity rate if it runs outside off-peak hours. If your heater is fan-assisted, you can turn the fan on when you need rapid heat distribution and switch it off when you want to conserve power. In advanced models, sensors track the ambient temperature and automatically adjust the heat release, which can be particularly helpful if you are unsure how to fine-tune the settings yourself.

Below are a few tips to help you make the most of your storage heater’s controls:

• Plan around your routine: If you know you will be at home in the morning but out in the afternoon, increase the output earlier in the day and reduce it later to conserve heat for the evening.

• Check the weather forecast: Adjust your input setting based on anticipated temperatures. If milder weather is on the horizon, reduce the input to avoid excess heat and wasted energy.

• Use boost sparingly: While handy, a boost function often uses electricity at a higher rate. Keep it for occasional use, such as an unexpected cold evening.

• Experiment gradually: Making small changes to the input and output settings over time helps you learn how the heater responds without risking large fluctuations in your electricity bill.

Understanding and optimising your storage heater controls will help you maintain a comfortable indoor temperature while also keeping costs in check. In the next section, we will delve into how different UK energy tariffs, particularly off-peak options, can influence your overall expenses and guide you in making the most cost-effective choices.

Understanding energy tariffs

In the UK, one of the primary reasons people choose storage heaters is the availability of off-peak electricity tariffs such as Economy 7 and Economy 10. These tariffs offer reduced electricity rates during specific hours, typically overnight. By using storage heaters to draw electricity only during these lower-cost periods, you can potentially achieve significant savings compared to standard single-rate tariffs.

Economy 7 is the most common off-peak tariff, providing around seven hours of discounted rates—usually from midnight to early morning. Economy 10, less widely available, extends off-peak periods to around ten hours split between overnight and some daytime hours. While Economy 7 is often sufficient for charging storage heaters, Economy 10 might be useful if your household has higher daytime heating needs. However, not all suppliers offer Economy 10, so it is important to check with your electricity provider.

When opting for an off-peak tariff, be aware that peak-time rates can be higher than those on a standard single-rate tariff. This means it is crucial to shift as much electricity usage as possible into the off-peak window. Besides your storage heater, you might also run your washing machine or dishwasher during these discounted hours, further lowering your overall energy bill. That said, if your lifestyle or work schedule does not allow you to take advantage of off-peak hours, you may not see the full benefits.

Another option some suppliers are introducing is a time-of-use tariff, which can have more variable pricing throughout the day. These tariffs incentivise users to consume electricity during periods of low demand, such as overnight or mid-afternoon, when the grid is under less strain. Storage heaters are naturally well-suited for these models because they charge at predictable times. Nonetheless, time-of-use tariffs can be complex, with fluctuating prices depending on factors like national grid demand, so consider whether this aligns with your energy usage habits before signing up.

Here are a few considerations when comparing tariffs:

• Compare multiple suppliers: The UK energy market is competitive, so look beyond the ‘Big Six’ suppliers. Smaller, green-focused companies may offer favourable off-peak rates.

• Understand your peak vs. off-peak usage: Review your household’s electricity consumption patterns to ensure you can make the most of an off-peak deal.

• Take note of standing charges: Some tariffs have higher standing charges, which could offset the savings from lower off-peak rates if your overall usage is relatively low.

• Check meter compatibility: You may need a special meter for Economy 7 or Economy 10. Suppliers often upgrade these for free, but confirm any associated costs or terms beforehand.

Once you have chosen the right energy tariff, you can focus on managing the running costs of your storage heaters. In the upcoming section, we will discuss how to track and optimise daily operational expenses, exploring tactics to keep your energy bills in check without sacrificing warmth.

Managing running costs

Running costs are a top concern for households considering storage heaters, especially during colder months when heating needs spike. While off-peak tariffs can make storage heaters relatively economical, proper management is essential to avoid unexpected expenses. This section will cover practical strategies for keeping day-to-day costs under control.

Understanding consumption patterns is the first step. Track how often your storage heaters are in use, how high you set the input, and whether you frequently rely on the boost or override function. If you find yourself using the boost feature daily, it may indicate that your overnight input is too low or you are losing heat too quickly through drafts or insufficient insulation. Experiment with small adjustments over a few weeks to see if you can reach a balance between comfort and cost.

Insulation is a significant factor in running costs. A well-insulated home holds heat longer, allowing you to reduce the input on your storage heaters. Checking for common sources of heat loss, such as draughty windows, under-door gaps, and uninsulated lofts, can yield immediate improvements. Adding simple measures like draught excluders or thicker curtains may reduce how much you rely on the heaters.

• Upgrade windows and doors: Double or triple glazing can dramatically reduce heat loss through windows.

• Use thick curtains or blinds: Especially important in older UK homes where windows can be less efficient.

• Fill wall cavities: If your home has cavity walls, ensuring they are insulated is a strong line of defence against heat escape.

• Insulate loft spaces: Heat naturally rises, so loft insulation prevents warm air from leaving the house.

Smart management is another way to tackle running costs. If your storage heater model has a programmable timer or even an app-based control system, take advantage of these features. Schedule charging to occur strictly during off-peak hours and fine-tune your discharge settings. This way, your heater's heat release is aligned with the times when you are actually home. The more granular your control, the more opportunities you have to minimise waste.

A table can help you understand some common running cost considerations and potential remedies:

Finally, keep an eye on electricity supplier prices. Tariffs change frequently, and loyalty does not always mean savings. Consider switching suppliers if you find a more competitive rate that fits your usage patterns. Even small differences in off-peak charges can have a meaningful impact on your annual running costs, especially if your primary heating method is storage heaters.

With these management tips in hand, you will be well-positioned to maintain warm, comfortable living spaces without paying over the odds. The next section explores how to further improve energy efficiency—a subject that goes hand-in-hand with managing costs, but with a broader view on sustainable living and environmental responsibility.

Improving energy efficiency

Enhancing the energy efficiency of your home ensures that the heat produced by storage heaters is used in the most optimal way, reducing both your carbon footprint and energy bills. While managing daily operations is crucial, it is equally important to look at the bigger picture—how your home retains heat and the role other household systems play in overall energy consumption. By focusing on insulation, ventilation, and integrating modern technologies, you can maximise the potential of your storage heaters.

A well-insulated property is foundational for energy efficiency. The less heat lost through walls, roofs, and windows, the less your storage heaters need to compensate by burning through electricity—off-peak or otherwise. Loft insulation can be one of the most cost-effective improvements; it is relatively affordable to install and quickly pays for itself in energy savings. Likewise, upgrading wall insulation, fitting double-glazed or triple-glazed windows, and sealing draughts can create a home that retains heat for much longer periods. When combined with the consistent, slow-release nature of storage heating, these measures can significantly extend the comfortable temperature range in your home.

Another crucial aspect is ventilation. Good airflow prevents issues like damp and mould, but it can also inadvertently remove warm air if poorly managed. Strategically using extractor fans in kitchens and bathrooms, and occasionally airing rooms by opening windows briefly, helps maintain a healthy environment without compromising warmth too much. If you are concerned about excess moisture or stale air, consider installing trickle vents or mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) systems. MVHR can capture heat from outgoing warm air and use it to heat incoming fresh air, improving indoor air quality while minimising heat loss.

Smart home technology can further boost energy efficiency. If your storage heaters are compatible with apps or wireless controls, you can monitor and adjust settings from anywhere. Some systems even learn your routine and automatically optimise charge and discharge cycles. For example, if you usually leave for work at 8 a.m., the system can start releasing less heat around that time, saving energy you would otherwise not benefit from. Over time, these incremental savings add up, especially during the long UK heating season.

Below are some additional recommendations for improving overall energy efficiency when relying on storage heaters:

• Maintain your heaters: Regularly check for dust build-up around the vents and bricks. A clean heater works more efficiently.

• Use timers on appliances: Schedule high-energy tasks like washing clothes for off-peak hours to complement your storage heater’s charging cycle.

• Zone heating: Only heat the rooms you regularly use, perhaps by turning off storage heaters in spare rooms or areas less frequently occupied.

• Layer up interior décor: Rugs on hardwood floors and heavy curtains can help trap warmth, adding to the insulation benefits.

Investing in energy efficiency goes beyond just cost savings—it also contributes to a more sustainable environment. In the next section, we will look at the practical side of owning storage heaters by diving into maintenance and troubleshooting. These steps ensure that your heaters operate reliably over many winters to come.

Maintenance and troubleshooting

Even the most advanced storage heaters benefit from periodic maintenance to keep them running at peak efficiency. Fortunately, storage heaters tend to have fewer moving parts than boilers or heat pumps, making their upkeep relatively straightforward. In this section, we will explore common maintenance tasks and troubleshooting methods to help you stay warm and minimise potential disruptions.

Regular cleaning is the easiest way to maintain performance. Over time, dust and debris can accumulate around the vents and inside the casing, restricting airflow and hampering heat distribution. Switch off the heater at the mains before removing any covers. Use a vacuum cleaner or a soft, dry cloth to gently remove dust from the intake and output areas. Avoid using water or cleaning solvents, as the internal electrical components could be damaged if they come into contact with moisture. If you are unsure about accessing internal components, consult your user manual or contact a qualified electrician.

Keep an eye out for unusual noises. While some humming or clicking can be normal—especially when heating elements switch on and off—persistent rattles or grinding sounds may indicate that a part inside has come loose or the fan (in fan-assisted models) is malfunctioning. Turning the heater off immediately and inspecting for loose screws or debris can prevent more severe damage. When in doubt, always seek professional advice rather than attempting complicated fixes yourself.

Here are some tips and checks to keep your storage heater in good shape:

• Verify the power supply: If the heater fails to charge overnight, confirm that your off-peak electricity meter and time switch are functioning correctly.

• Inspect the controls: Ensure the input and output knobs or digital controls are not stuck or faulty. Gradual wear can cause them to become less accurate over time.

• Check the bricks: Thermal bricks can crack or break, reducing their efficiency. If you suspect damage, a qualified technician can replace them.

• Monitor insulation: Gaps or damage in the heater’s insulation can lead to unnecessary heat loss. Look for signs of discolouration on the outer casing.

• Professional servicing: Consider a routine inspection every few years, especially for older models or if you notice recurring issues.

Storage heaters are designed for longevity, but nothing is infallible. In rare instances where your heater fails altogether or does not provide adequate warmth, it might be time to consider replacing it with a newer, more efficient model. However, most problems can be resolved through simple fixes or minor replacements, so do not rush into a new purchase without first exploring repair options.

Up next, we will examine the broader benefits and drawbacks of storage heaters, comparing them with other heating systems to give you a clearer idea of whether storage heating aligns with your long-term needs.

Benefits and drawbacks

Like any heating system, storage heaters come with both advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these can help you decide whether they are a good fit for your home and lifestyle. Below, we will discuss the most notable points, giving you a well-rounded perspective on the role of storage heaters in modern UK households.

Benefits

1. Reduced operating costs: By charging during off-peak hours, storage heaters take advantage of lower electricity rates. This can make them cheaper to run than conventional electric heaters when used effectively.

2. Steady heat release: Storage heaters are designed to emit heat gradually throughout the day, helping maintain a consistent indoor temperature. This is particularly beneficial during the UK’s cooler months, as you wake up to a warm home.

3. Lower maintenance: With fewer moving parts than gas boilers or air-source heat pumps, storage heaters are relatively straightforward to maintain. An occasional clean and a quick check of the wiring generally suffice.

4. Independence from the gas grid: For properties not connected to the gas network, storage heaters can be a viable alternative. They offer a consistent and often cheaper solution compared to direct electric radiators, provided you have access to an off-peak tariff.

5. Up-to-date technology: Modern storage heaters come with advanced features such as electronic climate controls, fan assistance, and app-based management. These can significantly improve comfort levels and manageability compared to older models.

Drawbacks

1. Less control over on-demand heat: Because storage heaters charge overnight, it can be challenging to adapt to sudden temperature drops or unplanned heating needs later in the day. You could use the boost function, but this might involve peak-rate electricity.

2. Initial expense: High heat retention models and fan-assisted units can be costly to purchase. Installation costs for upgrading electrical circuits may also apply.

3. Potential for energy wastage: If you do not effectively manage your heater’s output, you could end up using more electricity than necessary, or run out of heat too early in the day, prompting peak-time boosts.

4. Weight and space considerations: Storage heaters contain heavy thermal bricks, which means they require sturdy wall mounting and sufficient floor space. They cannot be easily repositioned like portable heaters.

5. Requires off-peak tariff: Without an Economy 7, Economy 10, or similar tariff, storage heaters can become significantly more expensive to run.

The choice to install storage heaters often hinges on whether you can commit to an off-peak tariff and whether your property’s insulation supports efficient heat retention. As environmental concerns increasingly shape consumer decisions, the following section takes a closer look at the environmental impact of running storage heaters and how they align with the UK’s move towards greener energy solutions.

Environmental impact

In the push towards a more sustainable future, the environmental impact of heating systems has become a crucial consideration. While storage heaters rely on electricity—sometimes criticised for its carbon intensity—there are factors that can make them a comparatively greener choice. In the UK, the electricity grid is progressively decarbonising, thanks to an increasing share of renewables such as wind and solar. As this trend continues, the carbon footprint of running storage heaters will likely decrease.

One key advantage is that storage heaters draw power primarily during off-peak hours, a period when demand on the grid is lower. During these times, renewable energy sources can often meet a larger proportion of the electricity demand. This means the energy stored could have a lower carbon intensity than electricity used at peak times. Moreover, many UK households switching to Economy 7 or Economy 10 tariffs might also opt for a green electricity supplier, further reducing their carbon footprint.

Despite these benefits, the efficiency of your overall home set-up plays a major role. If your property is poorly insulated, you may need to run your storage heaters for longer or at higher input settings, resulting in additional electricity usage. Over time, these incremental additions can negate some of the environmental gains from using off-peak power. Therefore, improving insulation and reducing drafts is an essential step for those looking to reduce their carbon footprint.

Here are some ways to minimise the environmental impact of your storage heaters:

• Opt for renewable electricity: Check if your supplier offers a green energy tariff. Using renewable electricity significantly lowers the carbon emissions from electric heating.

• Upgrade to modern units: Newer high heat retention models are more efficient, reducing unnecessary power draw.

• Insulate thoroughly: Proper insulation ensures you get the most out of every kilowatt-hour of electricity, lessening waste.

• Smart controls: Employ scheduling and automation features to match your heating patterns to times when the grid might have cleaner energy.

• Regular servicing: Well-maintained heaters run more efficiently, further cutting down on wasted energy.

By combining responsible usage with the UK’s ongoing commitment to renewable energy, storage heaters can be a relatively eco-friendly choice compared to certain fossil fuel-based systems. In the next section, we will present a concise conclusion that pulls together the key considerations outlined in this guide, aiding you in making an informed decision about whether storage heaters are right for your home.

Conclusion

Storage heaters have been a fixture in UK homes for decades, offering a unique balance of cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and reliability for households with access to off-peak electricity. Over the course of this guide, we have examined how these heaters work, the variety of types available, and what is required for successful installation. We also explored how to operate and manage them effectively, diving deep into energy tariffs, running costs, and maintenance.

One of the central benefits of storage heaters is their reliance on cheaper, off-peak energy. This can make them particularly appealing for homes without gas connections, and for those looking to reduce daytime electricity usage. Innovations such as high heat retention units and fan-assisted designs address many of the traditional drawbacks, making modern models far more efficient and user-friendly than their predecessors. When combined with strong insulation and sensible usage habits, storage heaters can offer a comfortable, consistent source of warmth throughout the colder UK months.

However, as we discussed, storage heaters are not perfect for every household. They lack the on-demand flexibility of some other systems, and if you fail to manage input and output settings, you may miss out on the potential cost savings. Additionally, without the right tariff—and, ideally, a well-insulated property—you could see higher energy bills than expected. An honest assessment of your home’s needs, along with a careful look at available tariffs, should guide your decision-making process.

Ultimately, storage heaters can still serve as a valuable heating option for many UK consumers. If you are seeking a system that capitalises on off-peak electricity and delivers steady heat with relatively low maintenance, they deserve serious consideration. Whether you are replacing existing units or installing them for the first time, the key is to do your research, consult qualified professionals, and be prepared to fine-tune your settings for optimal performance.

Frequently asked questions

General information

What makes storage heaters different from other electric heaters?

Storage heaters rely on thermal bricks to store heat during off-peak electricity hours, releasing it gradually throughout the day. Most conventional electric heaters consume electricity in real time whenever they are turned on. Storage heaters can be more cost-effective when used with off-peak tariffs because they charge overnight at cheaper rates.

Are they suitable for newly built UK homes?

Yes. Many newer builds are designed with excellent insulation and modern electrical systems, making them well-suited to storage heaters. If your property is equipped with an Economy 7 or similar tariff, storage heaters can provide steady warmth at an affordable cost. However, check your home’s energy efficiency rating to ensure you are not losing heat through drafts or poor insulation.

Will they work effectively if I am out during the day?

Yes. Storage heaters are designed to release heat gradually over time, so your home should remain relatively warm even if you are away during daylight hours. If you return late in the evening and need additional warmth, you can use the heater’s boost or override function—though this may involve using electricity at the more expensive daytime rate.

Do I need an off-peak tariff like Economy 7 to use storage heaters?

You can technically run a storage heater on a standard tariff, but it may be more expensive because you will not benefit from off-peak rates. If you do not have access to an off-peak tariff, you may want to compare energy suppliers or consider alternative heating solutions to minimise your bills.

What if my home is connected to the gas grid?

If you already have a gas boiler and central heating, storage heaters might be less cost-effective for you. Gas is typically cheaper per kilowatt-hour than electricity. However, if you prefer electric heating for specific rooms or if your gas system is outdated, installing a modern storage heater in select areas could still be beneficial.

Installation and legal requirements

Can I install storage heaters myself?

It is generally advisable to have a qualified electrician perform the installation. While you may be able to mount the unit and follow basic instructions, connecting the heater to a dedicated off-peak circuit typically requires professional expertise. This ensures safety and compliance with UK building regulations.

Are planning permissions necessary for installing storage heaters?

In most cases, planning permission is not required for installing or replacing storage heaters, as they are classed as internal heating equipment. However, if you live in a listed building or within a conservation area, it is good practice to double-check any specific local rules that might apply.

What if I live in a rented property?

You should consult your landlord or letting agent before making any changes to heating systems. In many cases, landlords are responsible for providing adequate heating. They may agree to update outdated or inefficient heaters if you make a strong case for the benefits of modern storage heating.

Do I need building regulations approval?

Major electrical work in the UK must comply with Part P of the Building Regulations in England and Wales. Storage heater installation often involves updating or installing new circuits, so using a Part P-registered electrician ensures the work is done to the required standards.

How heavy are storage heaters and will my floor support them?

Storage heaters contain dense thermal bricks and can weigh significantly more than standard electric radiators. If you are installing them on an upper floor or a less stable wall, you may need to consult a professional to ensure that your floors and walls can handle the additional load safely.

Operating your storage heaters

How do I set the input and output controls?

Most basic models have two dials: one for input (how much heat is stored overnight) and one for output (the rate at which heat is released the next day). A higher input setting is helpful for colder nights, while the output dial should be managed according to your daytime routine. If the heater runs out of heat in the late afternoon, you might need a higher input the following night.

Should I leave storage heaters on all the time?

Storage heaters are designed to remain plugged in and switched on, especially at night when they charge using off-peak electricity. However, be sure to adjust the output control when you do not need immediate warmth—like overnight or when you are away for extended periods—so you are not wasting stored heat.

What is a boost or override function?

The boost function provides an extra burst of heat, often using peak-rate electricity. It can be a handy short-term solution if you return home unexpectedly or if the stored heat runs low, but regular reliance on boost mode can result in higher bills.

Will they stop working if there is a power cut during the night?

If your home loses power during the off-peak charging period, your storage heaters will not be able to fully charge. This means you may have less heat available later in the day. Once power is restored, the heater will continue its normal cycle during the next off-peak period.

Do modern digital models differ in operation?

Many modern units feature digital controls with built-in sensors or timers that automatically adjust charging based on the ambient temperature and your set preferences. While more expensive to purchase, they often deliver higher efficiency and require less manual control.

Maintenance and upkeep

How often should I clean my storage heater?

Regular cleaning, at least a couple of times a year, helps remove dust and ensures vents remain unobstructed. Turn off the heater and let it cool completely before gently vacuuming or wiping down the intake and output areas with a soft cloth. Avoid using water or detergents on electrical components.

Do storage heaters need professional servicing?

While storage heaters have fewer moving parts than other heating systems, a professional check-up every few years can help identify cracked bricks, faulty thermostats, or wiring issues. This is especially important for older models or in properties with outdated electrical systems.

Can I replace the thermal bricks if they crack?

Thermal bricks can deteriorate over time, especially in older units. If a brick is cracked, you may notice reduced heat retention or uneven heat output. A qualified technician can safely replace individual bricks. Always avoid attempting this repair yourself unless you are certain you can do so safely.

Are there warranties for storage heaters?

Most modern storage heaters come with a manufacturer’s warranty that covers parts and, in some cases, labour. Keep your proof of purchase, and ensure you register the product according to the manufacturer’s guidelines to benefit from these warranties.

Why is my storage heater still warm when turned off?

Storage heaters release heat gradually, so it is normal to feel warmth for several hours—even if you switch the output control to its lowest setting. If the heater remains consistently hot for days, there may be an issue with the insulation or a stuck thermostat that should be checked by a professional.

Energy usage and troubleshooting

Why does my heater run out of heat before evening?

If you find your home cool by late afternoon, you may need to adjust your heater’s input to store more heat overnight. Alternatively, your output dial may be set too high in the morning. Experiment with both settings to strike the right balance.

Can I switch suppliers to find cheaper off-peak rates?

Yes. The UK energy market is competitive, and you may find more favourable off-peak tariffs by comparing deals online. Check whether different suppliers offer Economy 7, Economy 10, or other time-of-use tariffs that align with your daily routine.

How do I minimise electricity use if I work irregular hours?

Consider a storage heater with advanced or smart controls. These models often allow you to schedule heating patterns or manually override settings via an app if your schedule changes suddenly. This helps you optimise heat usage based on your irregular hours.

What if my heater makes a constant buzzing sound?

Some mild clicking or humming can be normal, especially as the elements turn on and off. If you notice persistent buzzing or rattling, it could indicate a loose component or a malfunctioning fan (in fan-assisted models). Turn the unit off and consult a professional if you suspect a fault.

Are storage heaters compatible with solar panels?

They can be. While solar panels generate electricity during the day and storage heaters typically charge overnight, you can still reduce your total grid consumption by using solar power for other appliances. Some advanced tariffs allow partial charging in the afternoon, which could synchronise with peak solar production.

Is condensation a problem when using storage heaters?

Properly functioning storage heaters should not create excess moisture, as they release dry heat. However, if your home lacks adequate ventilation, condensation might occur for unrelated reasons. Ensure you vent areas like kitchens and bathrooms, and consider installing trickle vents or a mechanical ventilation system if moisture is a recurring issue.

My heater’s fan isn’t blowing air. Is it broken?

Fan-assisted models use an internal fan to circulate warm air more quickly. If the fan isn’t running, check whether the fan mode is switched on. If that fails, dust build-up could be preventing the blades from turning, or the fan motor could be faulty. Always switch the heater off and follow the manufacturer’s cleaning instructions or call a technician for repairs.

What is the best way to measure my actual electricity usage?

Smart meters and in-home displays provide real-time data, helping you see exactly how much energy your storage heaters use. If you do not have a smart meter, you could track your off-peak and peak readings manually and compare them with your billing cycle to get an approximate figure.

Do storage heaters lose efficiency over time?

They can. Older models may accumulate internal dust, sustain cracked bricks, or have deteriorating insulation. Regular checks and proper maintenance extend their lifespan. If you have a unit older than 15 or 20 years, upgrading to a modern, high heat retention model might offer significant savings and improved performance.

How can I tell if my storage heater is not charging?

One indication might be a cold heater in the morning despite having the input switched on. Another sign could be a sudden spike in your electricity bill if you use the boost function more often to compensate. Check the time settings on your off-peak meter or consult an electrician to rule out a problem with the supply circuit.

Still have questions?

If you still feel uncertain about any aspect of storage heaters—whether it is which type suits your home, how to manage off-peak tariffs, or how best to handle maintenance—consider speaking with an expert. They can provide personalised advice tailored to your specific circumstances. A brief consultation could help clarify any final concerns or questions you have before making your decision.

Glossary

Air gap

An air gap is the space around a storage heater that allows heat to circulate freely. Ensuring there is enough clearance prevents overheating and maximises heat distribution throughout the room.

Automatic charging

Some modern storage heaters feature automatic charging. These systems use sensors or electronic controls to detect ambient room temperatures and automatically adjust the heater’s overnight charge to meet daily requirements, reducing energy waste.

Boost function

A boost function delivers an additional burst of warmth on demand, often using peak-rate electricity. While convenient for unexpected cold spells or late-night chills, relying on boost mode frequently can lead to higher bills.

Building regulations

UK building regulations govern safety and quality standards for domestic electrical work, including storage heater installations. In England and Wales, Part P specifically addresses electrical installations, requiring competent, qualified professionals for most major tasks.

Charge period

The charge period is the timeframe—usually during off-peak hours—when a storage heater draws electricity to heat its internal thermal bricks. This is typically aligned with an Economy 7 or Economy 10 tariff.

Condensation

Condensation can form in homes with poor ventilation or where warm, moist air meets cool surfaces. While storage heaters provide dry heat, ensuring adequate airflow is important to prevent excess moisture and related issues like mould or damp.

Convection

Convection is a heat transfer process that occurs when warm air rises and circulates around a room. Storage heaters often rely on convection in addition to radiant heat, helping to distribute warmth evenly.

Digital controls

Digital controls allow for precise temperature management and programmable schedules. Many newer storage heaters come with digital interfaces that let users fine-tune charging times and heat outputs, improving overall efficiency.

Dual-rate meter

A dual-rate meter records electricity usage at two different rates—commonly known as peak and off-peak. This setup is necessary for tariffs like Economy 7 or Economy 10, which are designed to reward nighttime or other off-peak energy use.

Economy 7

Economy 7 is a popular UK tariff offering around seven hours of cheaper, off-peak electricity overnight. It is well-suited for storage heaters, which can charge during these discounted hours and release heat throughout the day.

Economy 10

Economy 10 is similar to Economy 7 but provides roughly ten hours of off-peak electricity, sometimes spread across overnight and daytime slots. This can be advantageous for households with variable schedules or additional daytime heating needs.

Efficiency rating

An efficiency rating indicates how effectively a storage heater converts electricity into usable heat. Higher-rated models can reduce running costs, make better use of off-peak energy, and lead to lower environmental impact.

Electric meter

An electric meter measures the total energy consumption in a home. For storage heater users, a dual-rate or time-of-use meter is often required to separate off-peak usage from peak-rate usage.

Energy consumption

Energy consumption refers to the amount of electricity used over time. Households with storage heaters can reduce overall costs by scheduling most of their consumption, including heating, during cheaper off-peak periods.

Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency describes how well a system uses energy to perform its function. For storage heaters, efficiency depends on the unit’s design, the home’s insulation, and the user’s ability to manage input and output settings effectively.

Fan-assisted

Fan-assisted storage heaters have a built-in fan that helps distribute heat more quickly and evenly. Although they use a small amount of additional electricity to power the fan, they can deliver a more consistent room temperature.

Floor-standing

Floor-standing storage heaters are designed to sit on the floor rather than be wall-mounted. They can be helpful in rooms with weak or unsuitable walls but still require proper clearance for safe and efficient heat distribution.

Government grants

In certain cases, UK homeowners may be eligible for government grants or incentives to upgrade old heating systems, including storage heaters. Eligibility criteria vary, so it is worth checking local and national schemes for available support.

Heat retention

Heat retention refers to a heater’s ability to hold onto the warmth it generates. High heat retention storage heaters use advanced insulation to minimise heat loss, allowing them to release warmth steadily over a longer period.

Input control

The input control determines how much heat a storage heater takes in during its off-peak charging period. Adjusting this setting according to weather forecasts and personal comfort needs can help optimise energy usage.

Installation clearance

Installation clearance is the recommended space left around a storage heater to allow adequate airflow and safe operation. Following the manufacturer’s guidelines helps prevent overheating and ensures effective heat circulation.

Insulation

Insulation involves using materials or methods to reduce heat transfer through walls, roofs, and floors. A well-insulated home maintains warmth generated by storage heaters for longer, improving comfort and lowering energy costs.

kWh

kWh stands for kilowatt-hour, the standard unit of energy used in electricity billing. One kilowatt-hour is equivalent to running a 1,000-watt device for one hour. Monitoring kWh usage helps households gauge the cost-effectiveness of storage heaters.

Load balancing

Load balancing refers to distributing electrical demand more evenly throughout the day. Storage heaters help achieve this by charging when the grid has spare capacity—usually overnight—easing strain on the network during peak hours.

Manual control

Manual control storage heaters require the user to adjust input and output settings daily. These models tend to be cheaper to purchase but demand more regular attention to strike a comfortable balance between warmth and running costs.

Mica

Mica is a mineral commonly used in insulation and electrical components. In some storage heaters, mica-lined materials help distribute heat more evenly and reduce energy loss within the unit.

Night storage

Night storage is another term for storage heating, underlining the fact that these systems charge during overnight off-peak periods. By morning, the stored heat is ready to be released throughout the day.

Off-peak hours

Off-peak hours are specific times when electricity is cheaper, typically overnight. Storage heaters draw power during these periods to charge their internal bricks, which is what makes them more cost-effective than direct electric heating.

Output control

The output control regulates how quickly the stored heat is released into the room. Adjusting this setting throughout the day helps manage comfort levels and conserves heat for times when it is needed most.

Part P

Part P of the Building Regulations covers electrical safety in residential properties across England and Wales. It ensures that any significant electrical work, such as installing storage heaters on a dedicated circuit, meets the required safety standards.

Peak-time electricity

Peak-time electricity is when demand on the grid is highest, usually during daytime and early evening. Electricity rates during these hours are often more expensive, which is why storage heaters aim to avoid peak usage for charging.

Radiant heat

Radiant heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves, warming objects and surfaces directly rather than heating the surrounding air first. Some storage heaters release warmth through both radiation and convection for balanced comfort.

Remote monitoring

Remote monitoring allows users to track and adjust their storage heaters via a smartphone app or web portal. This feature is especially handy for those with irregular schedules who want to manage heat settings on the go.

Smart controls

Smart controls use sensors, algorithms, or app connectivity to optimise charging and heat release. They can learn a household’s schedule, taking the guesswork out of input and output adjustments and potentially reducing energy usage.

Storage bricks

Storage bricks are dense, heat-retaining blocks inside a storage heater. These bricks absorb heat during off-peak hours and release it slowly throughout the day, ensuring a continuous source of warmth.

Tariff comparison

Tariff comparison involves examining different energy suppliers and their rates—particularly off-peak tariffs like Economy 7 or Economy 10. This process helps consumers find the most cost-effective option for running storage heaters.

Thermal bricks

Thermal bricks, often interchangeable with storage bricks, are made of ceramic or a similar high-density material. Their thermal mass allows for efficient storage and gradual release of heat, making off-peak heating possible.

Thermal expansion

Thermal expansion refers to the tendency of materials to expand when heated and contract when cooled. Within storage heaters, slight clicks or pops may result from bricks or internal components adjusting to changes in temperature.

Thermostat

A thermostat measures and regulates the temperature within the heater or the surrounding area. Modern storage heaters often include thermostatic controls for more precise adjustments, helping avoid overheating or wasted energy.

Time-of-use tariff

Time-of-use tariffs go beyond simple off-peak and peak rates, offering variable electricity prices throughout the day. Storage heaters can be particularly effective under these tariffs by charging when prices dip, even if those dips occur at times other than late night.

Timer override

A timer override lets you manually activate or extend a heating cycle outside scheduled times. While useful in emergencies or unexpected cold snaps, it typically uses higher-rate electricity, so it should be employed judiciously.

Ventilation

Ventilation ensures a flow of fresh air inside the home, preventing damp and mould. While storage heaters provide dry heat, it is essential to maintain adequate ventilation to balance indoor air quality with efficient heat retention.

Zoned heating

Zoned heating divides a property into separate areas, each with its own heating controls. Installing storage heaters in specific zones can help reduce wasted energy in rooms you use less frequently, tailoring warmth to each space’s unique requirements.

Useful organisations

Energy Saving Trust

Energy Saving Trust provides expert advice to help households across the UK reduce their energy consumption. They offer guidance on improving home efficiency, including insulation, heating options, and renewable energy solutions.

• 0800 444 202

• www.energysavingtrust.org.uk

Citizens Advice

Citizens Advice is a charity offering impartial information on consumer rights, financial support, and energy tariffs. They can help you understand your bills, navigate supplier issues, and explore ways to cut heating costs.

• 0800 144 8848

• www.citizensadvice.org.uk

Ofgem

Ofgem is the UK’s energy regulator, responsible for protecting consumers and ensuring a fair, competitive market. Their resources include guidelines on switching suppliers, understanding tariffs, and managing energy bills effectively.

• 020 7901 7000

• www.ofgem.gov.uk

National Energy Action (NEA)

National Energy Action is a charity dedicated to eradicating fuel poverty. They provide support and resources to help individuals and communities adopt more efficient heating solutions and reduce their energy costs.

• 0191 261 5677

• www.nea.org.uk

Committee on Climate Change

The Committee on Climate Change is an independent advisory body that provides guidance on reducing emissions and adapting to climate change. Their work includes examining the role of heating systems and energy efficiency in meeting the UK’s carbon reduction targets.

• 020 7591 6080

• www.theccc.org.uk

All references

Committee on Climate Change (2022) Net Zero Strategies Report. https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/net-zero-strategies-report-2022

Citizens Advice (2021) Guide to Off-Peak Electricity and Storage Heaters. https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/consumer/energy/energy-supply/guide-to-off-peak-electricity-and-storage-heaters

Citizens Advice Scotland (2021) Heating Issues in Rented Properties. https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/scotland/housing/repairs-in-rented-housing

Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (2021) Energy Efficiency Improvements. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-efficiency-improvements

Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (2020) Renewable Energy Roadmap (2020 Update). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/renewable-energy-roadmap-2020-update

Energy Institute (2019) Home Energy Usage and User Behaviour Study. https://www.energyinst.org/home-energy-usage-study-2019

Energy Saving Trust (2020) Home Insulation and Storage Heater Efficiency. https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/guides/home-insulation-and-storage-heater-efficiency

Energy Saving Trust (2021) Comparative Heating Systems for UK Households. https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/reports/comparative-heating-systems-uk-households

Energy Saving Trust (2022) Benefits of Storage Heaters in Non-Gas Properties. https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/benefits-of-storage-heaters-non-gas-properties

Gov.uk (2022) Building Regulations Part P Electrical Safety. https://www.gov.uk/building-regulations-approval/part-p-electrical-safety

Ofgem (2021) Economy 7 Statistics and Insights. https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/publications/economy-7-statistics-and-insights-2021

Ofgem (2022) The Decarbonisation of the UK Electricity Grid. https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/publications/decarbonisation-uk-electricity-grid-2022

Disclaimer

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