Utilities

Introduction

Utilities are an essential aspect of daily life in the UK, encompassing a broad range of services such as electricity, gas, water, sewerage, broadband, phone services and TV licensing. While these services ensure our homes are powered, heated and connected, the complexity of the market can leave many consumers feeling uncertain about their rights, options and potential costs. There have also been frequent changes in recent years, with shifts in government policy, evolving technologies and ongoing consumer demand for greener and more sustainable options.

This guide will help you understand the fundamentals of how these utilities operate, what your rights and responsibilities are, and the types of support that can be accessed when challenges arise. Having access to clear, reliable information is the first step towards making informed decisions that can ultimately save money, protect the environment and ensure you have uninterrupted, high-quality services. The sections that follow will explore each main utility service in detail and offer practical tips on how to identify the best providers, tariffs and products to meet your household’s needs.

As a leading expert in utilities, my aim is to empower you with knowledge that is practical, up to date and easy to digest. Each section is structured into short paragraphs, bullet points and even tables where relevant, so you can quickly find the information you need. Wherever external data or statistics are used to highlight current trends or typical costs, a reference will be included at the end of this guide in the “All references” section. Occasional blockquotes also feature, attributing their sources below, to help bring expert voices into the discussion.

Below is a brief table highlighting some average monthly costs for different utilities in the UK. Please note that these figures can vary widely based on factors such as region, household size, consumption habits and specific supplier deals.

Although these figures provide a snapshot, it is always wise to research current deals and consult reputable sources for the most accurate, up-to-date pricing. With that in mind, let us begin our deep dive into the world of UK utilities.

Understanding the UK utilities landscape

The utilities landscape in the UK reflects a diverse, competitive and, at times, complex industry. Each service—electricity, gas, water, sewerage, broadband, phone and TV licensing—has its own set of regulations, governing bodies and market leaders. Over recent decades, much of the UK’s utility infrastructure has been privatised, which has spurred innovation and competition but can also create confusion for consumers. A key feature of the current market is the drive towards digitalisation, with many providers adopting cutting-edge technologies like smart metering, online billing and automated customer service.

The role of regulators

Three primary regulators oversee many of these services in the UK:

• Ofgem (Office of Gas and Electricity Markets): Regulates gas and electricity markets to protect consumers’ interests. It promotes competition, ensures fair pricing and encourages sustainability through programmes aimed at reducing carbon emissions.

• Ofwat (Water Services Regulation Authority): Oversees water and sewerage services, ensuring providers meet the required standards, maintain infrastructure and offer value for money.

• Ofcom (Office of Communications): Responsible for regulating broadband, telephone and postal services, guaranteeing fair competition, proper use of the radio spectrum and consumer protection in these fields.

TV licensing, while not strictly overseen by the above regulators, is administered by the BBC under the legal framework set by the government. This unique arrangement highlights how certain utility-related services operate differently but remain a crucial part of the overall landscape.

Private and public interests

Given the history of privatisation in the UK, several companies now dominate specific markets. For instance, there are energy suppliers that provide both gas and electricity, sometimes bundling services for convenience. Water companies typically operate regionally, and broadband providers can range from multinational telecom giants to smaller, niche suppliers serving limited areas. While competition usually benefits customers through competitive tariffs, it can also add complexity: the sheer number of providers and contracts can be overwhelming, leading to frustration and a feeling of being “locked in.”

Changing consumer needs

Modern consumers increasingly seek services that are reliable, environmentally responsible and fairly priced. Alongside these demands, technological advances are reshaping how utilities are delivered. For example, the rollout of full fibre broadband promises dramatically faster internet speeds, and the adoption of smart meters allows real-time monitoring of energy consumption. Understanding how these trends may affect your household—and your bills—can help you anticipate and accommodate changes in the years ahead.

Throughout this guide, references to official data and regulatory advice will underscore the need to remain vigilant and informed. By understanding the fundamentals of the UK utilities landscape, you will be in a stronger position to make decisions that protect your interests, both financially and in terms of service quality.

Key regulations and consumer rights

Consumer rights in the UK are protected by a robust regulatory framework, ensuring that utility providers must adhere to fair practices, transparent billing and adequate customer support. However, knowing these rights and the regulations underpinning them is crucial for anyone wanting to avoid or resolve disputes, minimise bill shock and hold providers accountable for service quality.

Regulatory framework and responsibilities

The underlying consumer protection laws, such as the Consumer Rights Act 2015, ensure goods and services must meet certain standards of quality and performance. Utility-specific regulations are governed mainly by Ofgem, Ofwat, Ofcom and, in the case of TV licensing, statutory provisions implemented by the BBC. These bodies set rules around pricing, market competition and customer service, and they have the authority to penalise non-compliant providers, ensuring a degree of consistency across the market.

Many key regulations focus on:

• Price controls: Set limits on how much providers can charge for essential services like water or certain electricity tariffs.

• Quality of service: Mandate standards for handling queries, complaints and outages.

• Access: Require fair competition, so smaller suppliers have the chance to enter the market and consumers have genuine choice.

• Transparency: Compel providers to make contracts, tariffs and billing processes clear and intelligible, reducing the risk of hidden fees or sudden price hikes.

Consumer rights in practice

Your rights as a consumer start from the moment you consider signing a contract. Providers must present information about costs, contract length and cancellation rights in a manner that you can understand. Once you begin receiving a service, you have the right to expect:

• Accurate bills: Energy bills must reflect actual or properly estimated usage. Water bills should be based on your water meter if you have one, or on a fair rate if you are on an unmetered tariff.

• Reasonable notice of changes: If a provider plans to increase prices or alter the terms of your contract, you must be informed in advance and generally have the option to switch or cancel without penalty.

• Redress if service fails: In cases of outages, poor service or billing errors, you have the right to complain and seek compensation.

• Fair cancellation terms: When your contract ends or if you wish to exit early, you should not face excessive charges.

Ombudsman and dispute resolution

When direct communication with your supplier does not resolve a complaint, an ombudsman can step in. There is a separate ombudsman for energy, communications and water, typically free of charge for consumers. These bodies have legal authority to investigate complaints fairly and impartially, offering a decision that providers must adhere to. The presence of an ombudsman significantly reduces the burden on individual consumers to seek legal recourse, making it more efficient to settle disputes.

In some cases, organisations like Citizens Advice can also help consumers understand their rights and guide them through the complaint process. They provide free advice on a range of issues, including how to compile evidence and fill in complaint forms. This multi-layered system of safeguards helps protect the UK public from unscrupulous practices or unjustifiable price hikes.

By familiarising yourself with these key regulations and consumer rights, you can navigate utility services with increased confidence. If you feel a provider is not meeting its obligations, you have avenues for recourse. This structure of rights and responsibilities, enforced by regulatory bodies, ensures the UK utility market remains committed to fairness, competition and consumer welfare.

Electricity services

Electricity is central to modern life, powering everything from your home’s lighting and heating systems to electronics and essential appliances. The UK electricity market has undergone profound changes over recent decades, transitioning from state-owned monopolies to a privatised, competitive environment. While this has opened doors for smaller and innovative suppliers, it has also led to a multitude of tariffs and offers, which can be both advantageous and confusing. Understanding the key elements of electricity services—suppliers, tariffs, metering, and customer support—helps ensure you secure reliable and cost-effective electricity for your home.

Types of tariffs

Electricity tariffs in the UK generally fall into a few categories:

1. Standard variable tariffs (SVT): These can change in price according to wholesale market fluctuations. While flexible, they can sometimes be more expensive if wholesale prices rise.

2. Fixed-rate tariffs: Provide a locked-in price per unit of electricity for a set duration (e.g. 12 or 24 months), protecting you from market volatility. However, leaving early can incur exit fees.

3. Green tariffs: Derived wholly or partly from renewable sources. Suppliers either generate renewable electricity themselves or purchase certificates (called Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin—REGOs) to offset conventional generation.

4. Time-of-use tariffs: Charge different rates depending on the time of day or night. These are often paired with smart meters, incentivising users to shift certain tasks (e.g. laundry) to off-peak hours.

Choosing the right tariff depends on factors such as your usage pattern, appetite for risk and preference for environmentally friendly energy. Before committing, compare deals from multiple suppliers and read the contract details carefully. Keep in mind that some suppliers offer dual-fuel deals—bundling gas and electricity—potentially simplifying billing and offering additional discounts.

Smart meters

Smart meters are increasingly common, with the UK government aiming to install them in most homes. They measure electricity consumption in real time, transmitting data automatically to your supplier and displaying usage on an in-home display. This transparency can help you track and adjust your consumption, potentially lowering bills. Smart meters also make billing more accurate by eliminating the need for estimated readings.

Despite the benefits, some consumers have expressed privacy or security concerns. However, regulations ensure strict data protection standards, and you can control how much information is shared. Moreover, if you switch suppliers, your smart meter should still function, although certain functionalities may vary across different suppliers’ systems.

Renewable electricity and net-zero targets

The government has set ambitious targets for the UK to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Renewable electricity—wind, solar, hydro—plays a big part in this strategy. According to the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, renewables now regularly contribute over 40% of the UK’s electricity generation. Many suppliers offer 100% green tariffs, and an increasing number of households are installing solar panels to generate their own electricity. While adoption of renewables continues to grow, grid stability and system upgrades remain ongoing challenges, highlighting the need for flexible, smart energy networks.

Practical tips for electricity consumers

• Regularly review your tariff: Energy markets fluctuate, so even if you secured a good deal last year, a better tariff might be available now.

• Use price comparison websites: Check more than one to gain an accurate snapshot of the market.

• Consider direct debit: Many suppliers offer discounts for paying by direct debit, which can spread costs evenly across the year.

• Monitor usage: A smart meter or usage-tracking app helps you see where you might cut back without sacrificing comfort.

• Stay informed: Keep an eye on government announcements regarding grants or schemes related to renewable energy and energy efficiency upgrades.

Electricity services in the UK are both dynamic and increasingly consumer-focused, reflecting a market environment that rewards proactive, knowledgeable customers. By familiarising yourself with different tariffs, investing in energy-efficient technologies and remaining alert to changes in the market, you can exercise greater control over your bills while contributing to a more sustainable energy future.

Gas services

For many UK households, gas is a fundamental resource for heating, cooking and hot water. Gas services are provided through a network of pipelines that distribute natural gas sourced from the North Sea, imports via interconnectors with Europe, and liquefied natural gas terminals. Like electricity, gas was once under state control but is now overseen by private suppliers within a regulated market. This creates a variety of choices for consumers, including options for those without access to the main gas grid.

Mains gas vs. alternative gas sources

Most urban and suburban homes are connected to the mains gas network. However, rural properties may lack direct access, often relying on:

• Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG): Stored in pressurised tanks, typically located on the property.

• Oil: Although not a gas, some regions rely on oil-fired heating as it can be delivered by tanker.

• Biomethane or biogas: Produced from organic waste, though this is still a niche market.

If your home depends on off-grid gas sources, monitoring and refilling storage tanks is essential. You also have fewer supplier options, making it trickier to switch or negotiate better deals.

Choosing a gas supplier

Selecting the right gas supplier involves comparing tariffs, contract length, standing charges and exit fees. Dual-fuel deals—where gas and electricity come from the same supplier—are popular for convenience, but always verify whether they genuinely offer savings.

Key steps in choosing a supplier include:

1. Review your usage: Check past bills to understand your annual consumption.

2. Compare tariffs: Utilise multiple price comparison tools for a comprehensive overview.

3. Check contract terms: Look for any exit fees and confirm whether the tariff is fixed or variable.

4. Read customer reviews: Seek feedback on customer service and billing accuracy.

Additionally, some suppliers offer green gas tariffs, which source a portion of gas from renewable sources like biomethane. This can help reduce your household’s carbon footprint, though such tariffs may come at a premium.

Safety and maintenance

Gas safety is paramount. The law requires any work on gas appliances to be performed by Gas Safe-registered engineers. This includes installing boilers, repairing pipework and conducting annual safety checks. Landlords are legally obligated to ensure a valid Gas Safety Certificate is in place for rented properties.

Homeowners should also install carbon monoxide detectors in areas with gas appliances. These detectors can save lives by alerting you to the presence of this colourless, odourless gas.

Practical steps for efficient gas use

Below are simple ways to maximise energy efficiency and save on gas bills:

• Insulate your home: Proper insulation of lofts, walls and floors reduces heat loss, easing the burden on your boiler.

• Upgrade to an efficient boiler: Modern condensing boilers can significantly cut gas usage.

• Use a smart thermostat: Controlling heating schedules more precisely can avoid heating unoccupied rooms.

• Seal drafts: Windows, doors and even letterboxes can be sources of heat loss.

• Regular servicing: A well-serviced boiler maintains efficiency and safety.

Common gas tariff features

By understanding the fundamentals of gas services, from supply options to safety considerations, you can make better-informed decisions that suit your lifestyle and budget. Regular maintenance and mindful energy use go a long way toward keeping gas bills manageable and ensuring a secure, efficient supply.

Water and sewerage services

Reliable access to clean water and an effective sewerage system are foundational to public health and daily life in the UK. Water companies, while private entities, are regionally structured, each responsible for managing supply, treatment and distribution in a given area. They must maintain networks of reservoirs, treatment plants and pipelines to deliver water to households, as well as drainage systems and sewage treatment facilities to manage wastewater.

Regional water suppliers

Each region in England and Wales has a designated water supplier overseeing water and sewerage services. Scotland and Northern Ireland have distinct arrangements—Scottish Water and Northern Ireland Water, respectively—which are publicly owned. Ofwat regulates water companies in England and Wales, ensuring they provide high-quality service while controlling prices. Ofwat sets five-year price reviews, balancing the need for infrastructure investment, fair pricing and environmental sustainability.

Metered vs. unmetered billing

In the UK, water bills are either metered or unmetered.

• Metered billing: You pay for the exact volume of water used, typically measured in cubic metres. This system encourages water conservation, as reducing consumption directly lowers bills. If you use less water than average, a metered bill may be cheaper.

• Unmetered billing: Based on your property’s rateable value, which is an older system that does not necessarily reflect actual water usage. This option can be cost-effective if you have higher-than-average water usage or a large household in a property with a low rateable value.

Whether to switch from unmetered to metered billing depends on your consumption patterns. Some water companies allow a trial period to see if you benefit from metering before making it permanent.

Sewerage services

Sewerage charges typically appear on the same bill as water supply fees but may be calculated separately, especially in unmetered scenarios. Sewerage services include:

• Collection of wastewater via drains and sewers

• Treatment and purification to remove contaminants

• Safe discharge of treated water into rivers or the sea

As environmental standards tighten, water companies face growing pressure to invest in infrastructure that prevents pollution incidents like sewage overflows. Consequently, modernisation projects can influence water bills, particularly if a major upgrade is required in your region.

Practical tips for managing water and sewerage costs

• Fix leaks promptly: Even small leaks can waste substantial volumes of water over time, inflating your bill.

• Install water-saving devices: Low-flow showerheads and dual-flush toilets can help reduce consumption.

• Use appliances wisely: Full loads in dishwashers and washing machines decrease water wastage.

• Compare bills annually: Check if switching to or from a meter could save you money.

• Check for hardship schemes: If you’re struggling to pay, contact your water company about payment plans or financial assistance.

Below is a brief table summarising key water-saving measures:

Quality, safety and consumer support

In addition to affordability, water companies must meet rigorous standards for safety. Drinking water is routinely tested for contaminants, and failure to meet statutory requirements can result in heavy fines. If you have concerns about water quality or suspect contamination, contact your supplier immediately. Consumer advice bodies like the Consumer Council for Water can also help resolve disputes or direct you to the appropriate regulator.

Understanding how water and sewerage services function will enable you to use resources more responsibly and manage your bills effectively. Awareness of the regional nature of these services, the metered versus unmetered distinction, and the obligations of your water company can help ensure you receive a fair deal and maintain access to safe, clean water.

Broadband and phone services

In an increasingly digital world, broadband and phone services have become essential for work, communication and entertainment in the UK. Whether it’s streaming a movie, making a video call or running a home-based business, reliable connectivity underpins many aspects of modern life. Ofcom regulates these services to ensure competition, protect consumer rights and encourage the rollout of faster and more efficient networks.

Types of broadband

A variety of broadband technologies cater to different needs and budgets:

1. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): Uses the copper phone line to deliver internet, typically offering speeds of up to 24 Mbps. This is often the cheapest but slowest broadband option.

2. Fibre to the Cabinet (FTTC): Combines fibre optic cables to the street cabinet with copper wiring for the final stretch. Speeds can reach around 80 Mbps, making it a popular choice.

3. Fibre to the Premises (FTTP): Also called “full fibre,” it uses fibre optic cables all the way to your home, enabling speeds of 300 Mbps or more. Availability is still expanding, but it is rapidly becoming the gold standard.

4. Cable broadband: Offered by providers like Virgin Media, cable broadband uses coaxial cables and can deliver high speeds (100 Mbps+). However, it is not available in all locations.

5. Mobile broadband: Uses 4G or 5G networks. Ideal for households without fixed-line broadband or those needing internet access on the go.

When selecting a broadband package, consider speed, data allowances (often unlimited nowadays), contract length and bundle deals that include TV or phone services.

Landline and mobile phone services

Although landline usage is declining, many broadband packages still include a phone line as a requirement or bundle deal. For those relying on a landline, call costs vary by provider, and packages often include free weekend or evening calls. Mobile phone services, regulated by Ofcom as well, offer pay-monthly contracts, pay-as-you-go SIMs or SIM-only deals. Coverage maps published by providers or third parties can guide you in choosing a network with reliable reception in your area.

Common pitfalls and how to avoid them

• Contract length: Providers might offer lower prices on 18-month or 24-month contracts, but early exit fees can be high. Ensure you are comfortable with the term before signing.

• Hidden costs: Installation fees, router costs, and line rental charges can increase your bill. Check terms and conditions carefully.

• Price rises: Some contracts permit annual price increases. Keep an eye on your monthly bill and be prepared to renegotiate or switch if costs escalate.

• Bundle deals: TV, phone and broadband deals can be cost-effective, but always confirm you need all services included.

Improving broadband performance

Even the best broadband service can underperform without proper home network setup. Tips for optimising your internet connection include:

• Position your router centrally in your home, away from thick walls or electronic devices that cause interference.

• Secure your network with a strong password to prevent unauthorised access and speed slowdowns.

• Use wired connections (Ethernet) for bandwidth-heavy tasks like online gaming or HD video conferencing.

• Upgrade your router if it is outdated. Modern routers handle speed and Wi-Fi range more effectively.

• Monitor usage to identify peak times. Schedule large downloads during off-peak periods to avoid congestion.

Below is a brief table comparing different broadband types:

Ultimately, broadband and phone services in the UK offer a wide spectrum of choices, catering to households of all sizes, budgets and usage patterns. By understanding the technology, the regulated environment and the potential pitfalls, you can select a service that meets your needs both now and as technology advances. If service quality degrades or prices spike unexpectedly, remember that switching providers—often facilitated by easy migration processes—can be a powerful tool to secure a better deal.

TV licensing and regulations

TV licensing in the UK has a unique standing compared to other utility services. Administered by the BBC under governmental frameworks, the licence fee funds the BBC’s television, radio and online services, thus shaping a significant portion of the country’s media landscape. Though some debate exists around the model’s future, the fee remains legally required for households that watch or record live TV on any channel or use BBC iPlayer.

When you need a TV licence

A licence is mandatory in the following scenarios:

• Watching or recording live broadcasts on any channel, including satellite or cable.

• Using BBC iPlayer to watch programmes live or on-demand.

• Viewing live TV through online services like Amazon Prime Video, Sky Go, ITVX or All 4.

You do not need a TV licence if you exclusively watch on-demand content on platforms that do not broadcast live TV (e.g., Netflix, Disney+). However, the line between live and on-demand can blur, so it is crucial to verify whether any live service is included in your subscription.

Cost, concessions and payment options

The standard annual colour TV licence costs £159, with a reduced rate of £53.50 for black and white TV sets (rare but still applicable). Concessionary licences exist for the following groups:

• Over-75s: Free licences are available for those over 75 who receive Pension Credit, though eligibility rules have tightened in recent years.

• Blind or severely sight-impaired: A 50% concession applies, meaning the annual licence fee is halved.

• Care home residents: Eligible care homes can secure discounted rates for their residents.

Payment options are reasonably flexible: you can pay the licence fee in full, via quarterly instalments, monthly direct debit or weekly plans through a payment card. The BBC’s TV Licensing website offers a calculator to determine the best payment method.

Enforcement and penalties

TV licensing enforcement officers conduct spot checks and investigate addresses without valid licences. If you are caught watching live TV or using BBC iPlayer without one, you may face a penalty of up to £1,000 plus legal costs. While enforcement remains a contentious issue, the BBC emphasises that the licence fee is essential to maintain its editorial independence and range of programming.

Future of the licence fee

The TV licence model has come under scrutiny amid the rise of streaming services and changing viewing habits. Some argue for a subscription-based model or alternative funding methods, while others champion the licence fee as a means to preserve high-quality, universally accessible public service broadcasting. For now, however, the requirement to hold a licence for live broadcasts remains firmly in place.

Tips for compliance and cost-saving

• Check your usage: If you do not watch any live broadcasts or BBC iPlayer, consider whether you genuinely need a TV licence.

• Look for available concessions: If you qualify for a reduced fee, apply promptly.

• Maintain up-to-date records: If you move home, transfer or update your licence details.

• Use monthly payments: Spread the cost to avoid large lump-sum bills.

• Stay informed: Keep an eye on any policy announcements regarding the licence fee’s future.

Staying on the right side of TV licensing regulations not only helps avoid fines but also ensures you contribute to the continued operation of a broadcasting institution that many regard as central to the UK’s cultural fabric. By understanding the requirements, costs and potential concessions, you can determine whether you need a licence and how best to manage it.

Billing and payment options

Billing and payment processes for utilities are central to managing household finances. Accurate, transparent bills and convenient payment options help consumers stay in control of their expenses. However, mistakes do happen, and it’s not uncommon for households to be either overcharged or undercharged due to estimated readings, system errors or misunderstandings about contract terms. Knowing how these systems work—and your rights within them—forms a key part of financial security and consumer confidence.

Types of bills and statements

Different utility services may present bills in different ways. Some common billing methods include:

• Paper bills: Traditional mailed statements that detail usage, tariff rates and any arrears.

• Online billing: Many suppliers encourage customers to access bills through an online account, often offering discounts for paperless billing.

• Mobile app: Some providers offer apps that let you track usage in near-real-time, submit meter readings and pay bills.

Reading your bill thoroughly each month (or quarter) ensures you spot anomalies quickly. Look for details on the units consumed, tariff applied, any standing charges, taxes or levies, and potential discounts or loyalty credits.

Estimations vs. actual readings

Energy bills often rely on estimates if a supplier does not receive a regular meter reading. This can cause discrepancies, especially if your usage has changed. Submitting frequent meter readings—either manually or via a smart meter—helps ensure bills accurately reflect real consumption. Water companies also estimate usage when meter readings are infrequent, though unmetered bills have a fixed rate based on property value rather than actual usage.

Payment options

Various payment methods offer flexibility:

1. Direct Debit: A popular option that can smooth out seasonal fluctuations in energy usage, as payments are spread evenly across the year. Many suppliers offer a discount for using direct debit.

2. Credit or Debit Card: Useful for one-off payments, though it can be less convenient for recurring bills.

3. Payment Plans: If you have arrears or struggle to pay a lump sum, suppliers often arrange affordable instalments.

4. Prepayment Meters: Commonly used by those who want to pay for gas or electricity in advance. These can help manage budgets but sometimes come with higher tariff rates.

Understanding your statement

Bills vary by provider but generally include:

• Previous and current meter readings

• Units consumed (kWh for gas/electricity, cubic metres for water)

• Tariff details (per-unit cost, standing charges)

• Discounts, credits or additional charges

• Total amount due and due date

Always verify that the meter readings align with the actual or smart meter data. If you spot an error, contact your supplier promptly to rectify it. A small discrepancy can snowball over months, resulting in an unexpectedly large catch-up bill.

Common billing elements and their meaning

Disputes and resolutions

If you suspect an error or unfair charge, raise the issue with your supplier. They are obliged to investigate and correct legitimate billing mistakes. If the matter remains unresolved, you can escalate to an ombudsman or a consumer advocacy group. Keep a record of all communications—dates, names of representatives, and screenshots or photographs of meters—to strengthen your case.

In a market offering multiple suppliers and payment plans, understanding your billing and payment options empowers you to manage monthly outgoings effectively. By regularly checking statements, staying on top of meter readings and choosing the most suitable payment method, you can avoid stress, reduce the risk of unexpected charges and gain greater control over your household budget.

Switching suppliers

Switching utility suppliers has become more straightforward in recent years, as regulators and consumer-rights organisations push for greater market transparency and competition. Whether it’s gas, electricity, broadband or phone services, the possibility of finding a better deal can lead to savings and improved service. Despite fears of outages or complicated administrative hurdles, switching is typically smooth, often orchestrated mostly by the new provider.

Reasons to switch

Households choose to switch suppliers for various reasons:

• Cost savings: Possibly the most common motivator, as new deals or promotions can substantially cut bills.

• Better customer service: Poor complaint handling or long waiting times prompt many to seek a more responsive provider.

• Tariff preferences: Switching to a green energy tariff or a faster internet service aligns with personal values or lifestyle needs.

• Ending introductory rates: Once a promotional period expires, bills can jump significantly, making it wise to compare deals.

The switching process

While specifics can vary by utility type, the general steps to switch are similar:

1. Research: Use price comparison websites, read reviews, and check official regulator sites for guidance on recommended providers.

2. Check your contract terms: Early termination fees can apply if you’re still under contract. For energy, an exit fee might be charged. For broadband, you might have to pay the remainder of your contract term.

3. Sign up with a new supplier: They usually handle the switch, including notifying your old supplier and scheduling the transfer date.

4. Meter readings: Provide a final reading to close the old account and a new reading for the new supplier to start billing accurately.

5. Final bill: Your old supplier will issue a closing statement. Check it carefully for any inconsistencies.

Potential pitfalls

• Exit fees: Some fixed contracts charge an exit fee if you switch before your deal ends. This could negate any potential savings.

• Overlap in billing: Rare, but keep an eye on your statements to ensure you are not double-charged during the transition.

• Misleading deals: Always verify claims about “cheapest” tariffs by checking at least two or three comparison tools and reading the fine print.

• Credit refunds: If your old energy account was in credit, ensure you receive a refund in a timely manner.

Switching broadband or phone

Switching broadband providers has also been simplified. Many providers use the same infrastructure, so downtime is minimal—often just a few hours. For mobile phones, a code called a PAC (Porting Authorisation Code) allows you to keep your number when switching networks. Request your PAC from your old network, and provide it to your new provider to complete the transfer.

Is switching always worth it?

Switching can lead to significant savings, but it is not always the best route. If your current supplier offers a competitive rate or if you value their customer service highly, it may be worth staying put. Nonetheless, regular reviews—every 6 to 12 months—can help you stay on top of better deals, especially as introductory promotions or fixed tariffs expire.

Below is a short table of typical switching timelines:

Switching suppliers stands as a powerful tool for any UK consumer seeking better prices, improved customer care or more suitable contract terms. By understanding the process, potential hurdles and best practices, you’ll be equipped to make the most of the competitive utilities market—and keep your household costs under control.

Energy efficiency and sustainability

Energy efficiency goes hand in hand with sustainability. Using resources wisely helps reduce household utility bills, mitigate environmental impact and align with the UK’s broader decarbonisation goals. Recent years have seen a surge in government incentives, technological innovations and consumer awareness that encourage households to become more energy efficient. From insulating your loft to installing solar panels, there are a range of measures that can significantly cut both your carbon footprint and overall costs.

Why energy efficiency matters

The UK aims to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, a target that requires changes in how energy is produced and consumed across all sectors. Households play a vital role, as domestic energy use accounts for a substantial portion of the country’s total emissions. By adopting energy-efficient technologies and behaviours, consumers can:

• Lower bills: Reduced consumption directly translates to smaller energy bills.

• Increase property value: Homes with better energy ratings often attract higher resale or rental value.

• Improve comfort: Well-insulated homes maintain stable temperatures, making them more pleasant year-round.

• Enhance environmental responsibility: Collective household efforts significantly reduce the national carbon footprint.

Practical energy efficiency measures

A range of measures can be implemented, from low-cost behavioural changes to major home improvements. For instance:

• Insulation: Loft, cavity wall and solid wall insulation can drastically reduce heat loss.

• Double or triple glazing: Prevents heat leakage through windows, improving both comfort and efficiency.

• LED lighting: LEDs use up to 90% less energy than traditional incandescent bulbs.

• Smart thermostats: Allow for granular control of heating schedules, helping avoid warming unoccupied rooms.

• Appliance upgrades: Modern appliances, rated A+++ or similar, can cut energy consumption for cooking, refrigeration and laundry.

Below is a simple table illustrating how various measures can impact savings:

(Savings estimates are indicative and can vary based on home type, location and existing efficiency levels.)

Renewable energy solutions

Beyond reducing consumption, generating your own energy can boost sustainability. Solar panels (photovoltaic systems) are increasingly popular in the UK, especially with the declining cost of installation. Other renewable options include air-source and ground-source heat pumps, which harness ambient or geothermal heat for space and water heating. Although these systems often require a more substantial initial investment, government schemes such as the Boiler Upgrade Scheme or the Smart Export Guarantee can offset costs, making renewable installations more financially appealing.

Government initiatives and grants

Historically, programmes like the Green Deal or the Energy Company Obligation (ECO) have aimed to make it easier for homeowners to fund efficiency improvements. Eligibility criteria can vary based on factors like household income, property age and potential energy savings. Local authorities sometimes offer additional grants for low-income households or those in hard-to-heat homes. Keeping abreast of current initiatives via official channels like GOV.UK can help you identify available support.

Behavioural changes

Not all efficiency measures require installation or equipment. Simple steps can include:

• Turning off lights when leaving a room

• Unplugging devices not in use to avoid “vampire power”

• Lowering the thermostat setting slightly

• Washing clothes at lower temperatures

• Taking shorter showers or installing aerated showerheads

These behavioural changes often cost nothing yet yield immediate savings. Combined with larger home improvements, they form a comprehensive approach to sustainability.

Embracing energy efficiency and sustainability is not just beneficial for your wallet; it is also a key pillar of the UK’s future energy strategy. As technology advances and government policies evolve, households willing to adopt efficient practices and renewable systems stand to benefit from both short-term savings and long-term resilience against rising energy costs.

Support for vulnerable customers

Utilities are critical for maintaining a decent standard of living, and the UK government, alongside regulators and charities, recognises that some groups require additional assistance or protections. Vulnerable customers may include the elderly, those with disabilities, low-income households or individuals experiencing temporary financial hardships. Suppliers have specific obligations to identify and support these groups, helping ensure no one is left without essential services due to circumstances beyond their control.

Identifying vulnerability

Utility providers typically define vulnerability in relation to factors that may affect an individual’s ability to engage with or pay for their services. Examples include:

• Chronic health conditions requiring uninterrupted energy supply for medical equipment

• Limited mobility or visual impairment, impacting the ability to read meters or handle physical correspondence

• Financial instability, making it harder to meet regular bill payments

• Language barriers that impede understanding of contract terms and bills

Once identified, suppliers are expected to offer tailored support. Ofgem’s Priority Services Register (PSR) is a key mechanism through which energy companies provide additional assistance to people who need it.

Types of support available

Vulnerable customers may be eligible for:

1. Priority Services Register (PSR): Free services such as meter reading appointments, large-print or Braille bills, and advanced notice of power cuts.

2. Warm Home Discount: A government-backed scheme providing a one-off discount on electricity bills, typically for pensioners and low-income households.

3. Winter Fuel Payment: A tax-free payment for most people born before a certain date to help with heating costs during the cold months.

4. Cold Weather Payment: Automatic payment triggered when the local temperature drops to zero degrees Celsius or below for seven consecutive days.

5. Payment plans: More flexible or staggered payment options to help avoid arrears and potential disconnection.

Additional resources

• Local authorities: Some councils have hardship funds or emergency schemes that offer short-term financial help with energy or water bills.

• Charitable organisations: Bodies like the Energy Saving Trust provide advice on grants and energy-saving measures. National Energy Action (NEA) campaigns against fuel poverty, offering practical support to vulnerable households.

• Consumer Advice: Organisations like Citizens Advice can help individuals navigate applications for benefits, dispute bills and identify the best tariffs for their circumstances.

Tips for vulnerable customers and carers

• Notify your supplier: If you or someone you care for is vulnerable, inform the supplier so they can add you to the PSR or offer tailored support.

• Check eligibility: Keep track of government schemes like Warm Home Discount or local grants. Requirements can change, so verify every year.

• Seek advice early: Don’t wait until debts mount. Contact charities or citizen advice centres at the first sign of difficulty.

• Energy efficiency: Making the home as efficient as possible helps reduce costs, which can be particularly important for those on fixed or low incomes.

• Budgeting tools: Some suppliers provide energy calculators or usage-tracking apps to help manage consumption effectively.

Protecting vulnerable customers is a key responsibility of UK utility providers, mandated by law and enforced by regulatory bodies. If you or someone you know struggles with utilities, remember that help is available—often free of charge—and that early intervention can prevent many of the worst outcomes, like spiralling debt or disconnection. By exploring the support schemes and communicating needs clearly, vulnerable households can maintain essential services while keeping costs under control.

Complaints and dispute resolution

Even the most conscientious utility providers can make mistakes, resulting in billing errors, service interruptions or other problems. When these issues arise, the first step is often to contact the provider directly, as many complaints can be swiftly resolved. However, knowing how the official dispute resolution process works—and what support is available—can be crucial for consumers who encounter unresponsive suppliers.

Common complaint areas

Issues leading to complaints often revolve around:

• Billing inaccuracies: Overestimated meter readings, incorrect tariff applications or failure to apply agreed discounts.

• Customer service: Long wait times, poor communication or staff lacking proper knowledge.

• Service outages: Unexpected or prolonged power cuts, broadband downtime or water supply interruptions.

• Switching complications: Delays, double charging or miscommunication between old and new suppliers.

Steps to address complaints

1. Contact your supplier: Start by explaining your complaint clearly, providing evidence like meter readings or previous bills. Suppliers generally have a code of practice explaining how they handle complaints.

2. Escalate if necessary: If the issue remains unresolved, ask to speak with a senior manager or a dedicated complaints team. It may help to put your complaint in writing (email or post) to maintain a record.

3. Final decision letter: Suppliers should issue a “deadlock” or final decision letter if they cannot reach a resolution. This document confirms the company’s stance on the issue.

4. Independent ombudsman: If you receive a deadlock letter or eight weeks have passed without resolution, you can escalate the complaint to the relevant ombudsman (energy, water or communications). The ombudsman’s decision is usually binding on the supplier but not on the consumer, allowing you to seek further action if you wish.

External support organisations

• Citizens Advice: Offers free, impartial advice on consumer rights.

• Consumer Council for Water (CCW): Specialises in water-related disputes and provides guidance on complaints.

• Which?: A consumer advocacy group offering advice and sometimes mediation for members.

• Ofgem, Ofwat, Ofcom: Regulators that can offer advice but generally direct unresolved disputes to the relevant ombudsman or statutory scheme.

Preparing your complaint

Having the right information at hand speeds resolution. Make sure you gather:

• Account numbers and personal details

• Dates, times and descriptions of any interactions or incidents

• Copies of relevant bills, screenshots of online accounts, photos of meter readings

• Written correspondence or reference numbers from previous communications

Create a concise timeline outlining all key events, from the initial problem to the point of contacting the ombudsman if required. This clarity helps illustrate the crux of the issue and demonstrates your willingness to engage in a fair resolution process.

If resolution fails

In rare cases, even an ombudsman’s ruling may not satisfy both parties. Your final option might be to seek legal advice, though this is seldom necessary. Most consumers find an amicable agreement or compensation through the established channels of complaint and redress. Remember that changing suppliers can also be a practical solution, particularly if the relationship with your current provider has broken down irreparably.

Complaints and dispute resolution may seem daunting, but the UK’s regulatory framework is set up to facilitate fair outcomes. Knowing your rights and approaching problems methodically can expedite solutions. Patience and persistence often pay off, and the existence of ombudsmen ensures there is always a higher authority to turn to if direct negotiations fail.

Future trends in UK utilities

The UK utilities sector is evolving rapidly, shaped by a mix of technological breakthroughs, policy ambitions and shifting consumer demands. Climate change targets, digital disruption and the push for more competition will likely redefine how utilities are produced, distributed and consumed over the coming years. Anticipating these changes can help you make informed decisions about your household’s needs, whether that involves investing in solar panels or choosing a forward-thinking utility provider.

Rise of renewable and low-carbon solutions

Decarbonisation is the headline trend. Wind, solar and other renewables already account for a growing share of the UK’s electricity generation, and this is set to increase as subsidies and investments expand. Hydrogen, too, is gaining momentum as a potential low-carbon replacement for natural gas in heating and industrial processes. Nuclear power remains part of the energy mix, with new reactors in development to maintain baseload capacity.

Smart grids and digital infrastructure

A more intelligent, responsive grid underpins future energy networks. Smart grids can balance supply and demand in real time, integrating intermittent renewables and managing battery storage systems. On the consumer side, smart meters, connected home devices and innovative apps will offer granular control over energy consumption, potentially allowing households to profit by selling surplus energy back to the grid.

Water resilience and climate adaptation

Climate change brings challenges like droughts, floods and seasonal shifts in rainfall. Water companies are investing in infrastructure upgrades to enhance resilience—building new reservoirs, improving leakage detection and adopting innovative water recycling methods. Consumer water use might also change, with possible incentives for water-saving devices and tighter regulations on wasteful practices.

Broadband and 5G expansion

Digital connectivity is crucial for both economic competitiveness and everyday living. Full fibre broadband (FTTP) rollout will continue, offering gigabit speeds to more homes. Meanwhile, 5G coverage expands mobile data capacity, enabling real-time video calls, smart home integration and advanced digital services. Beyond 5G, there is already talk of 6G, though widespread deployment is still many years away.

Consumer empowerment

Regulators, keen to promote fair and competitive markets, are introducing measures that make it easier to switch suppliers, challenge poor service and access transparent pricing. Coupled with the proliferation of price comparison sites and aggregator platforms, consumers have more data than ever before when choosing a utility or tariff. This trend towards consumer empowerment also opens up new “pay-as-you-go” style models in energy and broadband, offering greater flexibility and control.

The circular economy and resource efficiency

Beyond energy, the concept of a circular economy influences how water and waste streams are managed. Future utility models could include water reuse within communities, localised energy generation from bio-waste and advanced recycling processes that reduce reliance on finite resources. This shift would require strong cooperation between government bodies, utilities and households.

Potential challenges

• Affordability: While innovation can bring new opportunities, not everyone will be able to afford upfront investment in technologies like heat pumps or electric vehicles. Policies that balance climate goals with social equity remain a core concern.

• Infrastructure lags: The existing power grid, water networks and broadband infrastructure require constant upgrades to keep pace with technological progress.

• Cybersecurity: As utilities become more digitised, they also become more susceptible to cyber threats. Suppliers and regulators must invest in robust defences to protect national infrastructure.

Looking ahead, the UK utilities landscape promises both exciting developments and complex challenges. Households that stay informed about emerging technologies, pricing structures and regulatory changes will be best positioned to navigate this dynamic environment. Whether it’s benefiting from renewable energy schemes or accessing ultra-fast internet, embracing the future of UK utilities can bring tangible advantages for both your finances and the planet.

Conclusion

Utilities play a pivotal role in shaping the quality of life for UK households. From powering and heating homes to facilitating communication and ensuring clean water, these services underpin every aspect of daily living. Given their importance, it’s essential for consumers to understand how each type of utility operates, how to navigate billing and payment processes, and what rights and protections exist under UK regulations.

Throughout this guide, we have explored the breadth of UK utilities:

• Electricity and gas services: Looking at how they are supplied, the available tariffs, and emerging technologies like smart meters and renewable energy solutions.

• Water and sewerage: Highlighting the regional structure, billing methods, and steps to conserve water and manage costs.

• Broadband and phone services: Focusing on different network types, ways to switch providers and how to optimise connections at home.

• TV licensing: Clarifying when a licence is required, associated costs and concessionary rates for certain groups.

• Consumer rights and regulations: Explaining the responsibilities of regulators, the role of ombudsmen and how to tackle complaints effectively.

• Support for vulnerable customers: Identifying schemes and policies in place to help those who face financial or practical challenges.

• Energy efficiency and sustainability: Showing how everyone can contribute to reducing carbon emissions while saving on bills.

• Future trends: Outlining how technology, policy and consumer preferences continue to reshape the utilities market.

The overarching theme is empowerment through knowledge. By staying aware of your options—whether that’s switching supplier, installing energy-efficient technologies or applying for financial support—you can tailor these essential services to your lifestyle and budget. Effective communication with providers, vigilance in reviewing bills, and the willingness to utilise available dispute resolution mechanisms all contribute to a more secure and cost-effective utility experience.

Utilities may appear straightforward on the surface, but their underlying complexities make it vital for consumers to remain informed. As the UK transitions towards greener energy and digital infrastructure, the choices you make today can have long-lasting impacts on your household’s finances and environmental footprint. With the insight provided in this guide, you’re now better equipped to engage with the UK utilities landscape, whether that means reviewing your energy tariff, pursuing water conservation strategies or upgrading your broadband connection.

Frequently asked questions

Below are some of the questions that commonly arise when dealing with UK utilities. This section provides brief answers to help clarify potential areas of confusion, but always consult detailed guidance or professional advice for specific concerns.

What if I can’t afford my utility bills?

Many suppliers offer payment plans or tariffs specifically designed for those facing financial hardship. Additionally, government schemes like the Warm Home Discount or Cold Weather Payment can help offset costs. Contact your supplier as soon as possible if you’re having difficulties—they are obliged to work with you to find a manageable solution.

Are smart meters compulsory?

Smart meter rollouts are heavily encouraged by the government, but you are not legally obliged to accept one. Some consumers have concerns about privacy or data sharing. However, smart meters generally offer more accurate billing and can help households monitor and reduce consumption.

How do I know if I’m being overcharged for water?

Compare your bills over several months and, if metered, check for any unexpected spikes in usage. You can also read your meter regularly to spot billing errors early. If you suspect a leak, contact a professional plumber or your water company to investigate.

Do I need a licence to watch streaming services like Netflix?

No, you only need a TV licence if you watch or record live television on any channel or use BBC iPlayer (live or on-demand). For Netflix and other similar on-demand-only platforms, no TV licence is required.

Can I switch energy suppliers if I’m a tenant?

Yes, if you’re directly responsible for paying the energy bills and the account is in your name, you typically have the right to switch. However, it’s courteous (and sometimes contractually required) to inform your landlord. Ensure you read the tenancy agreement for any specific clauses about utility changes.

Will I lose access to utilities during a switch?

Usually no. Switches for electricity, gas, broadband or phone services are designed to be seamless. There may be minimal downtime for broadband, but energy switching should not interrupt your supply. If issues do arise, your new supplier should help address them.

How do I complain about my broadband speed?

First, keep logs of your connection speed at various times, possibly using a speed test tool. Contact your broadband provider with this evidence. If they fail to resolve the issue within a reasonable timeframe, you can escalate the complaint to an ombudsman.

Are prepayment meters more expensive?

They can be. Prepayment tariffs sometimes have higher unit rates than standard credit tariffs. However, they allow users to pay for energy in advance, which can help with budgeting. Some suppliers offer emergency credit or a “friendly credit” period to prevent outages at night or on weekends.

Can I get financial help for energy efficiency improvements?

Yes, schemes such as the Energy Company Obligation (ECO) and local authority grants may be available to help with insulation, boiler upgrades or other efficiency measures. Eligibility often depends on factors like income, receipt of certain benefits or the property’s energy rating.

Do utility companies offer priority support for medical needs?

Absolutely. If you rely on electricity for medical equipment or have a serious health condition, register on the Priority Services Register (PSR). This ensures you receive advanced notice of outages, alternative water supplies in emergencies, and other tailored support.

Glossary

A deeper understanding of the following terms can help clarify many aspects of the UK utilities landscape:

Kilowatt-hour (kWh)

A standard unit of energy measurement. One kWh is the amount of energy used by a device rated 1,000 watts running for one hour. Electricity and gas consumption on bills is usually measured in kWh.

Standing charge

A fixed daily fee covering the cost of maintaining the network and administering your account, regardless of how much energy or water you use.

Dual-fuel tariff

An energy plan where one supplier provides both electricity and gas. Customers often receive a discount for bundling services.

Time-of-use tariff

A pricing structure where the cost of energy varies by time of day, incentivising consumers to shift usage to off-peak periods.

Priority Services Register (PSR)

A free support service offered by energy suppliers and network operators for customers in vulnerable situations, providing benefits like meter reading services or advance notice of power cuts.

Renewable Energy Guarantees of Origin (REGOs)

Certificates proving that electricity has been generated from renewable sources, used by suppliers to verify the green credentials of their tariffs.

Warm Home Discount

A one-off payment or discount on electricity bills for qualifying households, subsidised through a government initiative aimed at reducing fuel poverty.

Ombudsman

An independent authority that investigates unresolved consumer complaints against utilities and other service providers, offering a final ruling that suppliers must abide by.

Off-grid

Describes properties not connected to the mains gas or electricity networks, requiring alternative energy sources like LPG, oil or private generators.

Full fibre (FTTP)

Broadband technology where fibre optic cables run directly to the property, enabling faster and more reliable connections compared to copper-based systems.

Concessionary TV licence

A reduced-fee or free licence for eligible groups such as those over 75 (subject to pension credit), visually impaired people or certain care home residents.

Metered water supply

A system in which the water you use is measured by a meter, so you pay only for what you consume.

Useful organisations

The following organisations can provide additional guidance, support or regulatory oversight for different aspects of UK utilities:

Citizens Advice

Offers free, independent advice on consumer issues, including energy, water and broadband disputes. They can guide you through complaint processes and signpost you to relevant support schemes.

Energy Saving Trust (EST)

Aims to promote energy efficiency and sustainability by providing information on home improvements, renewable energy options, and grants or funding opportunities.

Consumer Council for Water (CCW)

Represents the interests of water consumers in England and Wales. They handle complaints and help resolve disputes between consumers and water/sewerage companies.

Ombudsman Services

Covers areas such as energy and communications. If a dispute with your supplier remains unresolved after eight weeks or a deadlock letter, you can escalate the complaint to the relevant ombudsman for an impartial ruling.

Ofgem

The regulator for gas and electricity markets, ensuring fairness, promoting competition and protecting consumers. Their website offers guidance on switching, consumer rights and industry updates.

Ofwat

Regulates the water and sewerage industry in England and Wales, overseeing price controls and service standards to ensure companies meet consumer and environmental obligations.

Ofcom

The communications regulator, covering broadband, mobile, TV and radio. Ofcom ensures fair competition, sets standards for service quality and addresses consumer complaints in these sectors.

BBC TV Licensing

Manages the administration and enforcement of the TV licence fee. Their website provides clear information on who needs a licence, how much it costs and available concessions.

National Energy Action (NEA)

A charity focused on reducing fuel poverty. NEA provides advice on energy efficiency, lobbies for policy changes and runs training programmes for industry professionals and community groups.

Local Authorities

Many local councils offer short-term support or grants to households facing severe financial hardship with utilities, especially for those on low incomes or dealing with emergencies like a boiler breakdown.

Still have questions?

Even with the best research and preparation, utilities can be complicated—especially when dealing with issues like fluctuating tariffs, unusual billing errors or complex eligibility criteria for support schemes. If you find yourself needing more personalised advice that goes beyond the scope of this guide, consider speaking directly with an expert.

An expert can:

• Analyse your individual situation to determine the best tariff or provider based on your household’s usage patterns and budget.

• Explain contractual details if you’re unsure about specific clauses or policies in your agreement.

• Offer guidance on switching suppliers seamlessly without incurring unnecessary fees or service interruptions.

• Assist with disputes by advising on the proper channels for complaint resolution if you’ve hit a dead end with your provider.

• Highlight relevant grants or schemes that can help reduce costs or enable energy efficiency improvements in your home.

Having a dedicated professional in your corner can make a significant difference in achieving prompt, tailored solutions—saving you time, money and unnecessary frustration. If you’re still unsure about any aspect of UK utilities, don’t hesitate to reach out for expert advice.

All references

BBC (2022) ‘TV licensing and the future of funding’, BBC. https://www.tvlicensing.co.uk/
Citizens Advice (2021) ‘Understanding your energy bills’, Citizens Advice. https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/consumer/energy/energy-supply/
Citizens Advice (2022) ‘Protecting vulnerable customers’, Citizens Advice. https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/consumer/energy/energy-supply/
Competition and Markets Authority (2022) ‘Energy market investigation: final report’, CMA. https://www.gov.uk/cma-cases
Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (2022) ‘Renewable electricity in the UK’, GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/
Energy Saving Trust (2021) ‘Energy efficiency at home’, Energy Saving Trust. https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/
Environment Agency (2020) ‘Water resources management: securing our future’, GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency
Health and Safety Executive (2021) ‘Gas safety and you’, HSE. https://www.hse.gov.uk/
Ombudsman Services (2022) ‘How the ombudsman can help’, Ombudsman Services. https://www.ombudsman-services.org/
Ofcom (2023) ‘Broadband speeds and consumer advice’, Ofcom. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/
Ofgem (2023) ‘Consumer rights and supplier switching times’, Ofgem. https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/
Ofwat (2023) ‘Price reviews and consumer protection’, Ofwat. https://www.ofwat.gov.uk/
Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2022) ‘Family spending in the UK’, ONS. https://www.ons.gov.uk/