Children

Introduction to children and family law

Children stand at the heart of many family law issues. Whether it is a dispute over living arrangements, safeguarding concerns, or questions about who holds parental responsibility, the welfare of the child remains paramount. In the UK, family law aims to protect children’s interests above all else: ensuring that youngsters develop in a loving, stable, and safe environment. The legal framework has evolved significantly over the last few decades, and understanding it is essential for any parent or caregiver.

Family law concerning children covers a wide range of scenarios, including child arrangements (formerly known as “custody” and “access”), parental responsibility, adoption, and protection proceedings. These are primarily governed by legislation such as the Children Act 1989 and subsequent updates, as well as guidelines from bodies like Cafcass (the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service). The overarching principle is the child’s best interests, which guide judicial decisions and local authority involvement. Although this principle underpins the entire system, the ways in which courts and authorities interpret best interests can often feel complex and intimidating.

Children’s rights have steadily gained recognition in law and policy. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) has influenced the UK approach, emphasising the right of a child to be heard in decisions that affect them. Yet, not every situation is straightforward. Parents often find themselves navigating an intricate legal landscape, especially during times of stress or conflict. By grasping the fundamentals of how children’s issues are approached in family law, it is possible to make more informed decisions and reduce some of the uncertainties that can arise.

Below is a brief table illustrating key pieces of UK legislation impacting children’s cases:

As you move through this guide, you will gain insight into the core aspects of children’s law. The scope ranges from foundational definitions, such as what parental responsibility entails, to more nuanced topics like international child abduction and safeguarding. Each section aims to provide both practical relevance and empathetic guidance. While the legal principles can be uniform, each family’s needs are unique — which is why understanding each facet of the law can foster more effective and child-centred solutions.

Ultimately, family law places children’s health, safety, and emotional well-being at the forefront of every decision. Parents, carers, and extended family members all play vital roles in nurturing a child’s development. Through this guide, the goal is to unravel the complexity of these laws, equipping you with the knowledge you need to make confident decisions and protect the bright future that every child deserves.

Parental responsibility explained

Parental responsibility is one of the most fundamental concepts in UK family law regarding children. It encompasses the legal rights, duties, powers, and responsibilities that a parent holds for a child, offering them the authority to make important decisions about the child’s upbringing. These decisions typically include education, healthcare, religion, and general day-to-day welfare. However, the concept can go beyond simple decision-making; it also means accepting responsibility for the child’s wellbeing and development.

In England and Wales, Section 3 of the Children Act 1989 defines parental responsibility. Mothers automatically gain parental responsibility at birth, while fathers usually acquire it if they are married to the mother at the child’s birth or if they are listed on the child’s birth certificate (for births registered after 1 December 2003 in England and Wales). Unmarried fathers who are not on the birth certificate can gain parental responsibility through a parental responsibility agreement with the mother or by obtaining a parental responsibility order from the court.

Likewise, step-parents can also apply for parental responsibility if they wish to share in the responsibility of raising a child who is not biologically theirs. However, the grant of such responsibility must be evaluated, taking the child’s best interests into account. In general, knowing who holds parental responsibility helps avoid conflicts in decision-making and clarifies each individual’s role within the child’s life.

Below is a brief table summarising key ways to acquire parental responsibility:

The responsibilities that come with this status mean all parties must act in the child’s best interests. An individual with parental responsibility does not automatically gain any right to override another holder’s decisions unilaterally. Instead, collaborative decision-making is heavily encouraged. Disputes, if they arise, can be taken to mediation or, if necessary, court for a judge to decide what outcome best serves the child’s welfare.

Parental responsibility endures until the child reaches 18 years of age or, in some instances, marries or enters a civil partnership earlier (though that is rare and governed by special permissions). For adoptive parents, parental responsibility transfers fully once the adoption order is made. In every scenario, the principle that the child’s welfare is paramount underlies all decisions. When multiple parties have parental responsibility, cooperation, mutual respect, and a focus on the child’s wellbeing usually produce the most harmonious results.

Child arrangements: residence and contact

Child arrangements in UK family law revolve around two core elements: where the child lives (residence) and how often they see or communicate with the non-resident parent or other relatives (contact). Historically, terms such as “custody” and “access” were used, but the modern terminology, guided by the Children and Families Act 2014, emphasises the child’s needs rather than parental ‘ownership’.

If parents separate, they are encouraged to agree on practical arrangements that reflect both parents’ roles in the child’s life. In many cases, these arrangements are informal and do not require a court order, especially when communication is amicable. However, if disputes arise or communication breaks down, the issue may proceed to court, culminating in a Child Arrangements Order. This order stipulates live-with and spend-time-with provisions, detailing the structure of the child’s day-to-day life and the frequency and manner of contact.

Child arrangements should always consider the child’s welfare, taking into account factors such as:

• Emotional needs and stability

• Educational continuity

• The child’s own wishes and feelings, where appropriate

• Any risk of harm or safeguarding concerns

When making a final decision, the court will examine various aspects of family and household dynamics. They rely on guidelines that encourage the child to have a meaningful relationship with both parents (unless it is not safe or in the child’s best interests). Even if parents have an equal ‚share‘ of parental responsibility, the percentage of time spent with each parent may not always be a strict 50-50 arrangement, as practicalities like work schedules, proximity, and the child’s own routine often shape the final outcome.

Child arrangements can also encompass contact with grandparents or wider family members, especially if they have played a significant part in the child’s upbringing. While grandparents do not automatically have a legal right to see their grandchildren, courts increasingly recognise the value of extended family connections. Achieving agreement outside the court system is frequently encouraged, whether through mediation, collaborative meetings, or direct negotiation between the parties. By maintaining focus on the child’s needs, many families find balanced solutions without prolonged disputes.

Legal rights of mothers and fathers

Legal rights of mothers and fathers in the UK context reflect modern shifts in the family dynamic, aiming to encourage both parents’ active involvement in their child’s life. Traditionally, mothers had automatically enforceable legal rights, while fathers’ rights could be more conditional. Recent reforms have to some extent levelled the playing field, but certain distinctions remain.

Mothers almost always hold parental responsibility. They make decisions about their child’s healthcare, education, and daily routines without needing further legal steps, except in complicated circumstances such as surrogacy or disputed parentage. Fathers, on the other hand, hold parental responsibility automatically if married to the mother at the child’s birth or if named on the birth certificate of a child born post-December 2003. Otherwise, fathers may need to take proactive measures to acquire parental responsibility.

In legal disputes, courts often stress that both parents, if able and safe, should remain engaged in the child’s life. The best interests of the child are systematically reviewed. This can mean, for instance, awarding a father robust contact rights if it benefits the child’s continued emotional and developmental needs. Conversely, a mother’s rights, while automatic in most cases, might be limited by the court if evidence shows that restricting her contact is necessary for the child’s safety.

In practice, it is a misconception to believe that mothers have an indisputable advantage in every court scenario. Increasingly, the courts strive for fairness in awarding child arrangements, guided by the principle that children generally benefit from having meaningful relationships with both parents. Conflicts arise when communication is poor, one parent is absent, or when safeguarding issues exist (such as neglect or abuse).

Below is a short table summarising key legal privileges for each parent:

Ultimately, both mothers and fathers are encouraged to work collaboratively to serve a child’s welfare. When relationships break down, processes such as mediation can help create a cooperative environment. However, if negotiations fail, the courts will step in to ensure the child’s best interests remain central to any decision-making process.

Understanding child custody and access disputes

For decades, the terms “child custody” and “access” have been used informally by parents and even within the legal profession to describe how living arrangements and parental contact are determined. However, the legal framework in England and Wales now favours the term child arrangements. Disputes can become highly emotional, frequently arising when parents separate or divorce and cannot agree on which parent the child will live with and how often the child sees the other parent. These disagreements often revolve around issues of stability, communication, and, in some tragic cases, conflicts or hostility between the parents themselves.

The central law is the Children Act 1989, which states that the child’s welfare is the paramount consideration. This means the court evaluates each situation based on what arrangement serves the child’s physical, emotional, and educational needs. Cafcass (Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service) becomes involved by undertaking impartial investigations to help the court ascertain the child’s best interests. Key factors the court considers include:

• Each parent’s ability to meet the child’s needs

• The child’s existing living arrangements and ties to community or school

• Any history of parental conflict or domestic abuse

• The child’s wishes and feelings, depending on age and maturity

Naturally, the court encourages parents to settle disputes through mediation first. Yet, if conflict persists, the court can intervene by issuing a Child Arrangements Order, specifying with whom the child will live, spend time or otherwise have contact, and in some cases, how these arrangements should be managed. Disputes that hinge on “sole custody” versus “joint custody” are now framed as who the child lives with or how parental responsibility is shared. Sole living arrangements might be ordered if one parent is deemed unable to safely or effectively care for the child, but the preference, where possible, is to maintain strong relationships with both parents.

Ultimately, understanding the modern approach to custody and access requires recognising that the courts emphasise the child’s right to maintain close bonds with both parents if it is safe and beneficial. This approach is grounded in the principle that children thrive when they have stable, nurturing relationships with each parent and minimal exposure to parental conflict.

Court processes involving children

When parents or guardians cannot resolve disputes about children’s living arrangements, contact, or upbringing, the case may proceed to family court. In England and Wales, these proceedings typically unfold in the Family Court, overseen by judges or magistrates who specialise in child-related cases. Although this process can seem daunting, it is designed to ensure children’s voices and welfare remain central factors.

Applying to the court typically begins with filing specific forms, such as the C100 (for Child Arrangements Orders) or other relevant forms for specific court orders. Before an application is made, applicants must usually attend a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (MIAM), barring certain exemptions (e.g., domestic abuse cases). The court then conducts a First Hearing Dispute Resolution Appointment (FHDRA) to identify and narrow the issues in contention. Often, a representative from Cafcass is present to discuss safeguarding concerns or potential risk factors. If necessary, the court can order further reports or investigations to ensure a full understanding of the child’s situation.

Subsequent hearings revolve around gathering additional evidence, hearing from both parties, and possibly listening to the child’s wishes where appropriate. Children rarely attend court proceedings in person, but their perspectives might be conveyed through Cafcass officers or child psychologists if the court finds it essential. If mediation or negotiation does not resolve the dispute, the court will schedule a Final Hearing, where all remaining evidence is presented, and a judge makes a binding decision.

Below is a table highlighting typical stages in a child-related court case:

Unlike some legal proceedings, family court cases aim to be more inquisitorial, focusing on the child’s needs rather than simply applying adversarial logic. The tone is generally less formal than a criminal court, but the consequences remain highly significant. Orders made by the court must be followed, unless successfully appealed. Failure to comply can result in enforcement proceedings.

Throughout the process, maintaining the child’s welfare is the guiding principle. Judges encourage cooperation, often urging parents to set aside personal grievances for the sake of their child’s emotional and psychological stability. While the process may be lengthy and stressful, understanding it and being prepared to follow court directions can significantly alleviate anxieties. Many families discover that even during the court process, agreements can still be reached via interim discussions or negotiation, reducing the emotional toll on the child.

Welfare and best interests of the child

The principle that underpins almost every decision in UK family law concerning children is the child’s welfare. This phrase, enshrined within the Children Act 1989, is sometimes referred to as the “paramountcy principle” — meaning that courts, local authorities, and professionals must treat the child’s best interests as the first and most important consideration.

When evaluating what is in the child’s best interests, the court may look at a broad “welfare checklist,” which includes factors like:

• The child’s wishes and feelings (considering age and understanding)

• Physical, emotional, and educational needs

• Any potential risk of harm

• The capability of each parent to meet the child’s needs

• The importance of continuity in the child’s life

The child’s emotional security often plays a significant role in welfare considerations. For instance, if a child has established routines in a particular home or is closely bonded with siblings, a sudden change of environment might be detrimental to their emotional health. Professionals like social workers, Cafcass officers, and psychologists may assess the child’s living situation and parental capacity to provide stable care. In incidents of alleged abuse or domestic violence, the child’s protection and safety take top priority.

Reasons for the child’s welfare principle are rooted in decades of research and legal developments that highlight the vulnerability of children within adversarial family disputes. By grounding decision-making in the child’s best interests, the law seeks to safeguard them from harm and preserve a safe environment for their development. While parents often worry that their own preferences may go unheard if overshadowed by the child’s welfare, the child-focused approach is generally accepted as the ethical standard for family justice.

Ultimately, balancing competing factors can be intricate, and judges often rely on a wide pool of evidence. Each case is unique, and while the welfare principle provides a universal guide, it must be applied individually. Parents or carers should keep in mind that any settlement or court order conducive to the child’s long-term wellbeing is crucial — even if it strays from the parents’ initial desires. Openness to professional advice and willingness to engage with the child’s perspective often lead to more harmonious outcomes.

Special guardianship orders and fostering

When a child cannot be cared for by their birth parents, special guardianship orders (SGOs) and fostering arrangements offer two possible routes that ensure the child’s continuing safety and care. Both are recognised within the UK legal framework, but they serve different purposes and carry different degrees of legal responsibility.

Special guardianship orders were introduced under the Adoption and Children Act 2002. An SGO grants an individual or couple — often a relative, grandparent, or close family friend — an enhanced form of parental responsibility. This means the special guardian can make almost all day-to-day decisions about the child’s upbringing without routinely having to consult the child’s birth parents. However, it does not legally sever the child from their birth parents as adoption does. SGOs aim to provide permanence without cutting off the child’s connections or legal ties to their birth family altogether.

Fostering, by contrast, typically involves the child being placed in the temporary care of approved foster carers. Fostering can be short-term or long-term and is managed and supervised by local authorities. It is designed to offer a stable environment while the authorities determine the child’s long-term plan, whether that plan is reunification with birth parents, adoption, or an SGO. Foster carers have a crucial role in supporting the child’s needs, ensuring day-to-day care and emotional wellbeing, but they do not generally hold full parental responsibility.

Below is a table distinguishing SGOs and fostering:

For many children in care, an SGO or a fostering placement can offer a sense of security and belonging. The child might maintain contact with birth parents, although this is subject to the child’s welfare and any court stipulations. When birth parents cannot safely or responsibly care for their child, these legal mechanisms ensure the child remains in a consistent and nurturing environment, whether temporarily or on a permanent basis. Ultimately, the choice between these arrangements depends on the unique circumstances surrounding both the child and the prospective guardian or foster carer.

Adoption law basics

Adoption in the UK creates a permanent legal relationship between a child and adoptive parents, effectively severing the legal ties with the birth parents. It is generally seen as a last resort when it has been determined that a child cannot remain safely with their birth family. Adoption proceedings require court orders and careful scrutiny, with the welfare and best interests of the child remaining the priority.

Eligibility to adopt usually requires prospective adopters to be at least 21 years old. Couples, single people, and civil partners can apply. The process involves an assessment of suitability carried out by an adoption agency — either local authority-run or independent — that will compile reports and references about the applicant’s background, lifestyle, and relationships. This can be rigorous, requiring medical evaluations and checks with the Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS).

The child’s welfare is, yet again, paramount. A formal “placement notice” often indicates that a child is available for adoption. In many cases, organisations like a local authority or a registered adoption agency will place the child with the prospective adopters for a trial period before finalising the adoption order. This period enables social workers and adoption panel members to assess whether the match is in the child’s best interests.

A hallmark of adoption is the Adoption Order, granted by the court, which transfers parental responsibility entirely and permanently to the adopters. Once the order is in force, the adopters become the child’s legal parents in every sense. In some cases, post-adoption contact with birth relatives may be encouraged if it benefits the child. However, the adoptive family retains full control over major decisions, and the child’s status in law is irrevocably changed.

Adoption can be complex and emotional. Birth parents’ rights, the child’s attachment to their current environment, and the adopters’ capacity to provide a stable home are all weighed. For children, this process can bring stability and a fresh start, particularly if they have been in local authority care. For adoptive parents, it brings the joys and responsibilities of parenthood, with all the legal backing required. Recognising adoption as a life-long commitment helps ensure that each step in the process is undertaken with serious thought and compassion for the child’s ongoing needs.

Protecting children: safeguarding and child protection

Safeguarding children from harm is a critical pillar of UK family law. Local authorities, courts, and various agencies collaborate to protect vulnerable children from abuse, neglect, and exploitation. When concerns arise — whether through a report by a concerned neighbour, school staff, or healthcare professional — local authorities have a statutory duty to investigate under Section 47 of the Children Act 1989.

Child protection cases often begin with an assessment conducted by social services. If an immediate risk is identified, they may initiate protective measures, such as an Emergency Protection Order or a Police Protection Order, allowing short-term removal of the child from harmful situations. Throughout these processes, the child’s safety takes precedence over all else. In the most serious cases, local authorities may apply for a Care Order, vesting parental responsibility in the authority and enabling them to make critical decisions about the child’s living arrangements.

Below is a short bulleted list of the types of abuse that trigger safeguarding inquiries:

• Physical abuse: infliction of physical harm like hitting or burning

• Emotional abuse: persistent maltreatment, belittling, or causing emotional harm

• Sexual abuse: forcing or enticing a child to participate in sexual activities

• Neglect: persistent failure to meet the child’s basic needs, such as food and shelter

When courts step in, they work closely with social workers, guardians, and sometimes Cafcass officers to formulate long-term solutions. These can involve placing the child with a family member under a supervision order, or removing them from the family if it is deemed the only safe option. The child’s voice may also be part of the process, particularly if they are old enough to express their views. Although these cases can be quite distressing for families, the underlying rationale is to protect the child from significant harm.

Preventing escalation to care proceedings relies on timely support for struggling families. Programmes like parenting classes, mental health services, or substance misuse support can be offered to help families create a safe environment for the child. Hence, safeguarding does not solely focus on removing children but also aims to empower parents to address problems and improve parental capacity wherever possible.

Domestic abuse and its impact on children

Domestic abuse — physical, emotional, financial, or psychological — affects not only partners but also the children who witness or experience it. Under UK law, children’s exposure to domestic abuse can be considered as a form of child abuse itself. The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 in England and Wales underscores the seriousness of a child’s exposure to such violence and may influence child arrangements or protective orders.

Children can be deeply impacted by living in an abusive environment. They may develop anxiety, depression, or exhibit behavioural issues. Research from child welfare organisations suggests that children who witness domestic abuse often have trouble forming secure relationships later in life. In family law proceedings, any evidence of ongoing or historic domestic abuse is taken seriously. The court has a duty to ensure that child arrangements do not expose a child to the risk of witnessing further harm.

When a parent experiences abuse, it can severely complicate the process of reaching amicable child arrangements. The abused parent may fear for the child’s safety, while the alleged abuser might contest these claims. Courts use fact-finding hearings to determine the validity of allegations. If abuse is substantiated, contact may be supervised or restricted unless the perpetrator addresses their behaviour through interventions, like domestic abuse programmes. In some cases, the court may prohibit direct contact if it poses a significant risk to the child.

Where necessary, protective orders such as Non-Molestation Orders or Occupation Orders (under the Family Law Act 1996) can safeguard survivors and children from further harm. Professional agencies, including Cafcass and social services, typically get involved to assess the risk to the child and recommend measures to the court. Ultimately, ensuring the child’s emotional and physical security is paramount. Parents in such circumstances are encouraged to seek professional help and legal advice, as support services can guide them through crisis accommodation, counselling, and legal protection. Protecting both the adult survivor and the child from further trauma is central to resolving domestic abuse situations in a way that prioritises the child’s wellbeing above all else.

Grandparents and extended family rights

Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other extended family members often play pivotal roles in children’s lives. In many families, grandparents provide essential childcare, emotional support, and stability, especially when the parents face difficulties. Despite this, the legal system in England and Wales does not automatically grant relatives the same rights as parents.

If grandparents (or other close relatives) wish to maintain contact with a child but face refusal from the parents, they may consider applying for a Child Arrangements Order to spend time with the child. Under current law, these relatives typically require “leave of the court,” sometimes called permission, before making such an application. This step is intended to filter out vexatious claims but can feel like an additional hurdle for well-meaning family members.

Courts acknowledge that children can benefit greatly from extended family relationships, provided there are no safeguarding concerns. When deciding on granting contact or residence, judges consider the child’s best interests, including emotional ties to grandparents or other family members. Evidence of a close bond, involvement in the child’s education, and the ability to provide continuity may sway the court in favour of allowing regular contact. Conversely, if the relationship with the parents is highly conflictual or if contact might destabilise the child’s routine, the court may impose restrictions or deny the application.

Sometimes, a child lives with extended family under a Kinship Care arrangement, either by agreement or through a local authority fostering scheme. If the local authority deems the arrangement stable, an SGO (Special Guardianship Order) can be considered. Regardless of the route taken, grandparents and extended family members must prioritise the child’s wellbeing and be prepared to navigate the complexities of family courts. Gathering evidence of the meaningful relationship and focusing discussions on the child’s needs (rather than adult disputes) often improves the likelihood of a positive outcome.

Children’s voices in family court

In the UK today, there is a growing recognition of children’s rights to have their voices heard in legal proceedings that affect them. This is in line with Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). While not every child is compelled to engage directly with the court, their perspective can be crucial to ensuring a truly child-focused decision. Judges and Cafcass practitioners strive to ascertain the child’s wishes and feelings, balanced against their age and level of comprehension.

One method of achieving this insight is through Cafcass or an appointed Guardian who speaks to the child in a comfortable, child-friendly environment outside the courtroom. The Guardian then relays the child’s perspective to the judge. Older children, typically those above the age of 10 or 11, may sometimes write letters or statements summarising their views. In rare circumstances, a child may meet with the judge in person. However, these meetings are carefully managed to avoid causing undue stress or placing the child in the middle of parental conflict.

Children’s viewpoints are considered but not necessarily decisive. The court applies the best interests principle, which can sometimes override the child’s expressed wishes if those wishes conflict with crucial welfare considerations. For instance, a teenager might express a strong preference to live with one parent due to perceived leniency, but if that environment proves unstable or harmful, the court may override the preference. Nonetheless, giving a child the chance to be heard can improve the transparency of the process and reduce the sense of alienation or helplessness they might otherwise feel.

Ultimately, acknowledging children’s perspectives is a sign of respect and recognition of their agency. When children feel listened to, they are more likely to adjust positively to the eventual decisions. It also helps parents and courts craft arrangements that genuinely address a child’s emotional and developmental needs rather than imposing solutions that might overlook the child’s experiences.

Financial responsibilities and child maintenance

Financial support for children in the UK primarily revolves around child maintenance, a payment from the non-resident parent to the parent (or person) with the main day-to-day care. The core principle is that both parents are financially responsible for their children’s upkeep, regardless of their relationship status or living arrangements. The Child Maintenance Service (CMS) oversees statutory maintenance calculations and can enforce payments if a parent neglects their financial responsibilities.

The calculation of child maintenance through the CMS is typically based on the paying parent’s gross weekly income and the number of children requiring support. Adjustments are made if the paying parent has children living in their household or spends a certain number of nights caring for the child. While the CMS can provide a default structure, some parents opt for a family-based arrangement, negotiating a mutually acceptable amount and payment schedule. Flexibility can be beneficial, as it takes into account the family’s unique financial situation.

In addition to child maintenance, parents may have to agree on childcare costs or other specific expenses, such as educational fees or extracurricular activities. These are not always covered by the CMS calculations and might be settled separately, often during mediation or as part of a private agreement. Furthermore, some families negotiate “top-up” arrangements if the paying parent’s income exceeds the CMS calculation limits.

Financial support also extends beyond direct payments. A non-resident parent might contribute by purchasing school uniforms, paying for sports activities, or covering medical costs not provided by the National Health Service (NHS). Such gestures can foster cooperation, reduce friction, and demonstrate ongoing commitment to the child’s welfare. Ultimately, ensuring a reliable flow of financial support helps meet a child’s daily needs and sustains their quality of life, minimising the disruptive impact that parental separation can cause.

International child abduction and relocation issues

In an increasingly globalised world, disputes may arise when one parent wishes to move abroad with a child, or in more concerning cases, wrongfully removes the child from their current country of residence without the other parent’s consent. International child abduction typically refers to situations where a parent or family member retains or takes a child out of the UK against the legal rights of the other parent or guardian. This is a serious matter governed by international conventions such as the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction.

Under UK law, if a parent with parental responsibility wishes to relocate a child permanently to another jurisdiction, they usually need the agreement of the other parent (if they share parental responsibility) or a court order permitting the move. A failure to obtain permission can result in legal consequences, including an application for the child’s return under the Hague Convention. Courts evaluating such relocation matters often examine:

• The motives for relocation: whether it’s for legitimate reasons or an attempt to limit the other parent’s contact

• Impact on the child’s welfare: stability, schooling, cultural integration

• How feasible contact will remain with the non-relocating parent

• Any risk of harm or flight concerns

In cases where a child has been abducted or retained abroad, the left-behind parent can invoke the Hague Convention to seek the child’s return if the staying country is a signatory. Domestic courts cooperate with international counterparts to process return orders, focusing on sending the child back to their ‘habitual residence’, unless a specific exemption applies, such as a grave risk of harm if returned.

It is essential to note that such cases can escalate quickly, and prompt legal action may be necessary. Seeking immediate advice from a solicitor with expertise in international family law is crucial. While each scenario is unique, establishing that a child’s abduction is unlawful hinged on parental responsibility rights. Knowing one’s legal standing before planning an international move or when suspecting an abduction risk helps prevent painful, long-term disputes and protects the child’s best interests.

Getting legal help: advice, support, and representation

Many individuals facing child-related family law issues find the legal landscape intimidating. Legal assistance can range from basic guidance and reassurance to full representation in court. Solicitors specialising in family law are instrumental in helping parents or guardians understand their rights, draft legal documents, and navigate negotiations, mediation, or court proceedings. While legal aid is more restricted than in the past, it remains available for certain types of cases, often those involving safeguarding, domestic abuse, or the risk of a child being taken into care.

Besides solicitors, organisations such as Citizens Advice and Law Centres provide initial advice on family law matters for free or at low cost. Barristers may be instructed to represent you in complex hearings or to draft crucial legal arguments. Where finances are a hurdle, individuals sometimes opt for McKenzie Friends — lay advisors who can accompany them to court, take notes, and provide moral support (though they cannot usually speak directly to the court on the parent’s behalf without permission).

Practically speaking, negotiation and mediation remain the ideal first step for amicable, cost-effective dispute resolution. If you can reach accords on child arrangements, parental responsibility, and financial support without adversarial court proceedings, it often lightens the emotional and financial burden. Mediation sessions are typically led by a neutral third party who helps facilitate constructive discussions, ensuring each participant has the opportunity to express concerns and solutions.

When assembling a legal strategy, gather relevant documents such as the child’s birth certificate, proof of parental responsibility, and any evidence of risk or abuse. This preparation allows your legal advisors to offer tailored guidance. Importantly, the child’s welfare is front and centre in any court setting, so providing evidence that highlights a focus on the child’s needs is beneficial. Engaging with supportive services, from solicitors to charities, is one of the best ways to ensure that children’s rights and futures are effectively safeguarded throughout the legal process.

Resolving disputes outside of court: mediation and alternative approaches

Court proceedings can be lengthy, costly, and emotionally taxing for both parents and children. As a result, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods, including mediation, collaborative law, and arbitration, have gained traction as gentler and more constructive approaches. When successful, ADR methods leave participants feeling more in control of the outcome and avoid the adversarial nature of court hearings.

Mediation involves a qualified mediator who facilitates negotiations, ensuring each party’s voice is heard and helping parents find mutually acceptable arrangements. It focuses on the child’s needs, encouraging cooperative solutions rather than assigning blame or proving fault. In family law, mediation is so highly regarded that attending a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (MIAM) is mandatory for most individuals before applying to court (unless exempted).

Collaborative law is another avenue where each parent appoints a solicitor trained in the collaborative process. All parties, including the solicitors, commit to resolving the issues outside court, meeting in ‘four-way meetings’ to thrash out disputes. If an agreement is reached, it can be formalised into a binding arrangement. If negotiations fail, you must instruct new solicitors if you decide to go to court.

Arbitration has also emerged as an option. It mimics a court process but is private and typically faster. Parents agree that an arbitrator — a trained legal professional — will make a decision on child arrangements or financial matters. Though the arbitrator’s determination is binding, it is not public, offering a measure of privacy.

Making use of these alternative paths can spare children the stress of witnessing parental conflict in a formal court setting. ADR methods emphasise communication, often preserving a more workable co-parenting relationship post-dispute. Moreover, they can be less costly than litigation. While not suitable for every scenario (particularly if there are safeguarding concerns or a history of domestic abuse), ADR is often the recommended first step. Whether through mediation or collaborative law, focusing on child needs rather than adult grievances can foster more respectful, enduring outcomes.

Emotional wellbeing of children during family law disputes

Child-centred family law recognises that disputes can take a heavy emotional toll on children. Even when parents attempt to shield their offspring from conflict, children often sense heightened tensions and may experience anxiety, guilt, or confusion. Ensuring that the child’s emotional wellbeing remains intact or is promptly supported is paramount in any family law process.

Open dialogue is crucial. While it is generally advisable not to burden a child with adult-level details, offering age-appropriate explanations of what is happening can reduce the child’s anxiety. Reassuring them that they are not at fault is especially important. Children can internalise parental conflict, believing their behaviour may be the cause of arguments.

Professional avenues such as counselling or play therapy can help children process complex emotions in a safe environment. In some circumstances, the court might direct a child to see a child psychologist or arrange family therapy sessions. Schools can also be an important support system: teachers and pastoral staff are often trained to notice sudden changes in behaviour or mental health concerns. Keeping them informed (where appropriate) can assist in providing consistent emotional support for the child.

Encouraging a positive routine is another key step. Maintaining pre-dispute activities like sports, hobbies, and social engagements can offer a sense of normality. Extended family support from grandparents, aunts, or uncles who the child trusts can also be invaluable. When parents are overwhelmed, these support networks act as safe harbours for the child.

Finally, parents themselves should consider seeking emotional support. High-stress levels or persistent conflict can inadvertently trickle down to the child. By engaging in mediation, counselling, or simply adopting a collaborative mindset, parents can reduce stress and foster a more secure environment. The child’s emotional wellbeing is intertwined with the overall dynamic of the family. Taking steps to ensure stability, consistency, and clear communication can mitigate the negative impact family law disputes might have on a child’s mental health.

Resources and support for families and children

Navigating family law disputes can be challenging. Fortunately, a variety of resources and support structures exist in the UK to assist children and parents alike. These resources span local authority services, charitable organisations, and professional networks that offer guidance, counselling, and, in certain circumstances, financial aid.

Local authority services often provide early help for families experiencing stress or challenges. Family Support Workers can visit the home, provide parenting advice, and even signpost specialist services ranging from mental health support to legal aid. If a child is recognised as being “in need,” the local authority may undertake more formal interventions to ensure the child’s safety and development.

Charities and helplines are vital for immediate advice or emotional support. For instance, Childline offers free, confidential support for children, while Family Lives provides a helpline for parents to discuss parenting dilemmas. For concerns about domestic abuse, Refuge or the National Domestic Abuse Helpline can supply crisis accommodation and ongoing assistance. Additionally, the NSPCC runs various programmes to protect children from harm, offering advice on reporting suspicions of abuse or neglect.

Online resources from reliable organisations such as Cafcass, GOV.UK and Citizens Advice can clarify legal rights, processes, and entitlements. They often include step-by-step guides, FAQs, and direct links to application forms or local services. For parents who prefer face-to-face contact, local community centres or Children’s Centres can be a stepping stone, offering courses on parenting, home budgeting, and general guidance.

Where the legal dimension intensifies, law clinics and pro bono services at universities or via solicitors’ bodies may be available. Such services often specialise in helping those who cannot easily afford private legal counsel. By combining community resources, charitable organisations, and supportive professional networks, parents and children can receive holistic assistance that covers both legal complexities and emotional wellbeing. The overarching aim is to ensure that no child or family faces these challenging circumstances alone.

Conclusion

Children in the context of family law are not simply “interested parties”; they are individuals whose welfare must drive every decision. From the Children Act 1989 to modern day updates and interpretations, UK legislation consistently prioritises the needs and best interests of children above all else. While parental or familial rights matter, the welfare principle acts as the bedrock upon which courts, practitioners, and local authorities base their actions.

Although the legal landscape can appear intimidating, understanding the fundamentals of parental responsibility, child arrangements, and the child’s right to a safe and secure upbringing demystifies many aspects. The guide has explored how grandparents and extended family members also play a pivotal role, while special guardianship, fostering, or adoption can provide security for children who cannot remain with their birth parents. Throughout, the emphasis remains on collaboration, communication, and respect for the child’s perspective, a stance that often proves more beneficial and less damaging than protracted conflict.

Disputes, as painful as they can be, may be resolved effectively outside of a courtroom, using mediation or other forms of alternative dispute resolution. Even when court becomes necessary, it is guided by a structured process, designed both to protect the child and to ensure all voices are heard. Protecting children’s emotional wellbeing and mental health is an ongoing priority, requiring support structures ranging from counselling services to local authority interventions.

In all these scenarios, children depend on the adults in their lives to put their interests first. Whether it’s a question of who they live with, how their education is organised, or whether relocating overseas serves their needs, decisions must be sensitive to each child’s individual circumstances. In this context, knowledge becomes a powerful tool — parents, carers, and professionals who understand the legal framework are better positioned to make informed choices that promote both the immediate and long-term wellbeing of the child.

Family courts, local authorities, and child-focused charities work together toward the same aim: ensuring that each child grows up in a stable, nurturing environment, free from harm. While no two families are the same, recognising and embracing the unifying principle of child welfare lays a strong foundation for resolving even the most complex matters.

Frequently asked questions

Parental responsibility

What exactly is parental responsibility?

Parental responsibility refers to the legal rights and duties a parent has towards their child, including decisions about education, health, religion, and overall welfare. Mothers automatically hold parental responsibility from birth, while fathers gain it by marriage to the mother, being named on the birth certificate (from December 2003 onwards), or through legal agreements or court orders.

Can an unmarried father gain parental responsibility?

Yes. Unmarried fathers can acquire parental responsibility by jointly registering the child's birth, entering a formal agreement with the mother, or obtaining a court-issued Parental Responsibility Order.

Can parental responsibility be removed?

While it's rare, courts can limit or remove parental responsibility if a parent poses significant harm or danger to the child's welfare, for example, in cases involving severe neglect or abuse.

Child arrangements

How do courts decide where a child should live?

Family courts prioritise the child's welfare, looking at factors such as the child’s emotional and physical needs, stability of home environments, parental capabilities, and the child's own preferences, especially for older children.

What if my ex-partner doesn’t follow a Child Arrangements Order?

If one parent breaches a Child Arrangements Order without valid reasons, enforcement action can be sought through the court, potentially resulting in fines, community service, or other penalties.

Can my child decide who they want to live with?

Children’s views are always considered, especially as they become older and more mature. Although a child's wishes can strongly influence court decisions, the court will also weigh these against other welfare considerations.

Financial responsibilities

How is child maintenance calculated?

Child maintenance is typically calculated based on the paying parent's gross income, the number of children, overnight stays, and other dependent children or financial commitments. The Child Maintenance Service provides standardised calculations.

What happens if child maintenance payments are not made?

The Child Maintenance Service can enforce payments through earnings deductions, bank deductions, passport confiscation, driving licence suspension, and court action, if necessary.

Do I have to pay child maintenance if I share equal custody?

Usually, if care is evenly split, neither parent owes maintenance. However, if there's a significant income disparity, arrangements may differ, and the CMS can clarify responsibilities in these cases.

Grandparents’ rights

Do grandparents have legal rights to see their grandchildren?

Grandparents do not have automatic legal rights to see grandchildren, but they can seek permission from courts to apply for contact arrangements if this is in the child's best interests.

How do grandparents apply for a Special Guardianship Order (SGO)?

Grandparents must apply to the court, which then assesses their suitability through thorough checks and evaluations, considering the child's best interests and family dynamics before granting an SGO.

Domestic abuse and safeguarding

How quickly can I get protection from domestic abuse for myself and my children?

Courts can issue emergency Non-Molestation and Occupation Orders swiftly, often within days or even hours in urgent cases, providing immediate protection from abusive partners or family members.

Can domestic abuse affect child custody arrangements?

Yes. Courts take domestic abuse allegations extremely seriously, often resulting in supervised or limited contact, or in severe cases, suspending the abusive parent's access completely.

Mediation and resolving disputes

What happens during a family mediation session?

A qualified mediator helps parents discuss and resolve disputes about children, finances, and future arrangements, guiding discussions constructively without taking sides, and helping parents reach agreements amicably.

Do I have to go to mediation before court?

Generally, attending a Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (MIAM) is required before applying to court unless there's domestic abuse or safeguarding concerns, or mediation is clearly unsuitable.

International child abduction and relocation

What should I do if my child is taken abroad without my permission?

Immediately contact the police, legal advisors, and the International Child Abduction and Contact Unit (ICACU). You may need to initiate urgent legal proceedings under the Hague Convention to secure your child's return.

Can I legally move abroad with my child?

You generally need consent from all parties with parental responsibility or a court order to move abroad permanently. Courts consider the child's best interests, the motivation for relocation, and the potential impact on relationships with the other parent.

Adoption and fostering

Who can legally adopt a child in the UK?

Any adult over 21 can adopt, regardless of marital status, sexual orientation, or ethnicity, provided they successfully complete rigorous assessments evaluating their suitability, health, finances, and parenting capabilities.

What is the difference between adoption and fostering?

Adoption permanently transfers parental rights from birth parents to adoptive parents. Fostering is typically temporary, with foster carers providing care without full parental rights, supervised by local authorities.

Special guardianship

What does a Special Guardianship Order (SGO) mean?

An SGO provides long-term legal stability by granting carers (often relatives) primary parental responsibility, allowing them to make key decisions about a child's upbringing while maintaining some connection with birth parents.

Can special guardians receive financial support?

Yes, local authorities often provide means-tested financial assistance to special guardians to support a child's care and essential living expenses, regularly reviewing the amount based on the child's changing needs.

Emotional wellbeing and support

How can I support my child emotionally during family court disputes?

Providing reassurance, maintaining routines, shielding your child from conflicts, encouraging open emotional expression, and accessing professional counselling or therapeutic support significantly supports your child’s emotional wellbeing during disputes.

What support is available for children affected by family disputes?

Schools often offer pastoral support, and organisations like Childline, YoungMinds, and Relate provide confidential counselling, emotional support, and resources tailored specifically to helping children manage emotional stress effectively.

Getting legal help

How do I choose the right family solicitor?

Look for solicitors specialising specifically in family law, ideally accredited by Resolution or the Law Society’s Family Law Panel, and choose someone who communicates clearly, compassionately, and understands your unique family situation.

Is there financial help available to pay for legal advice?

In certain cases involving domestic abuse or safeguarding issues, Legal Aid might be available. Additionally, free or low-cost initial consultations, fixed-fee arrangements, and pro bono services provided by charities or law centres can also help manage legal costs.

Still have questions?

Children’s legal matters can be incredibly sensitive, and while this guide offers comprehensive information to address common concerns in UK family law, every case is unique. If you’ve read through each section but find that certain queries remain unanswered — or if you need guidance tailored to your specific circumstances — it may be time to speak directly with a professional. Expert advice can help you navigate complex emotional and legal challenges while keeping the child’s interest at heart.

Professionals such as solicitors, mediators, or counselling experts have the training and experience to provide you with practical, case-specific help. From clarifying parental responsibility to deciphering how best to protect your child from potential risks, an expert can lighten the burden of uncertainty. By asking targeted questions and exploring personalised strategies, you give yourself and your children a clearer path forward.

Sometimes a trusted source of empathy and reassurance is just as important as legal knowledge. Whether you’re worried about a looming court hearing or just want to check that your child’s welfare is being given proper attention, a one-on-one conversation with a knowledgeable specialist can ease your concerns. When the stakes are as high as a child’s wellbeing, it’s invaluable to ensure you’re armed with the best possible insights.

If you still have questions or feel uneasy about the situation you’re facing, consider reaching out to an expert who can talk you through your options. By doing so, you’ll be taking a proactive step to protect and nurture the children in your care, ensuring that their immediate needs and future prospects are looked after in the best possible way.

Glossary

Adoption Order

A court order permanently transferring parental rights from a child's birth parents to adoptive parents, legally establishing them as the child’s parents.

Arbitration (Family)

A private and binding form of dispute resolution where an independent arbitrator decides family disputes, such as child arrangements or financial matters.

CAFCASS (Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service)

An independent body advising family courts on the best interests and welfare of children involved in family proceedings.

Care Order

A court order granting a local authority parental responsibility for a child who cannot safely remain with their birth parents.

Child Abduction (International)

The wrongful removal or retention of a child across international borders without consent from the other parent or legal authorities.

Child Arrangements Order (CAO)

A court order determining who a child lives with, and the nature and frequency of contact with other parents or relatives.

Child-Inclusive Mediation

A mediation approach where children’s views are directly included and considered in family mediation processes.

Child Maintenance

Regular financial payments made by a non-resident parent towards the child's living expenses, managed either informally or through the Child Maintenance Service.

Children Act 1989

The primary UK legislation governing the welfare and rights of children, focusing on their best interests in all legal decisions.

Collaborative Family Law

A non-adversarial dispute resolution process where solicitors and parents collaborate openly to reach amicable agreements outside court.

Contact Centre

Neutral venues where children can safely maintain contact with non-resident parents or family members, often supervised or supported.

Court Welfare Officer

A professional appointed by family courts (often from CAFCASS) to assess and report on children’s best interests during legal proceedings.

Domestic Abuse

Any controlling, coercive, threatening, violent, emotional, sexual, or economic abuse within intimate or family relationships.

Emergency Protection Order (EPO)

A short-term order enabling authorities to take immediate protective action when a child faces imminent risk of harm.

Enforcement Order

A court order used to ensure compliance with existing family court orders, such as Child Arrangements Orders.

Family Court

Specialist courts dedicated to resolving family disputes, such as divorce, child arrangements, adoption, and safeguarding cases.

Family Group Conference (FGC)

Family-led meetings where extended family members collectively develop care plans and solutions, particularly in safeguarding cases.

Family Mediation

A structured dispute resolution method involving an impartial mediator helping parents amicably resolve family disagreements outside court.

Fostering

Temporary care provided to children by approved carers when they cannot remain safely with their birth families.

Hague Convention (1980)

International treaty providing mechanisms for the swift return of children abducted internationally by parents or guardians.

Interim Care Order (ICO)

A temporary order granting a local authority short-term parental responsibility while longer-term decisions about a child’s care are made.

Kinship Care

Care provided to a child by extended family members or close family friends when birth parents cannot provide suitable care.

Litigant in Person

Someone representing themselves in court proceedings without legal representation from a solicitor or barrister.

Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (MIAM)

A compulsory preliminary meeting to assess suitability for mediation and explore alternative ways to resolve family disputes without court.

Non-Molestation Order

A protective court order prohibiting someone from threatening, intimidating, or harassing another person, typically in domestic abuse cases.

Occupation Order

A court order regulating who can live in or enter the family home, often used in cases involving domestic abuse.

Parental Alienation

Situations where a child is unjustifiably influenced by one parent against the other parent, harming the parent-child relationship.

Parental Responsibility

The legal rights and duties parents have concerning decisions about their child’s upbringing, education, healthcare, and general welfare.

Prohibited Steps Order

A court order preventing specific actions related to a child, such as removing the child from the country or changing their surname.

Residence Order (Historical)

An older term now replaced by "Child Arrangements Order" specifying where a child should live after parental separation.

Safeguarding

Actions, measures, and practices designed to protect children from harm, abuse, neglect, or exploitation, ensuring their safety and wellbeing.

Section 7 Report

A detailed welfare report prepared by CAFCASS or local authorities, guiding courts in child welfare decisions.

Section 37 Report

A court-requested assessment by local authorities investigating whether safeguarding or care proceedings should be initiated.

Shared Residence

A child arrangement where the child divides their time significantly between both parents’ homes after separation.

Special Guardianship Order (SGO)

A court order providing permanent care arrangements granting significant parental responsibility to carers, typically relatives or foster carers, while maintaining some connection with birth parents.

Specific Issue Order

A court order determining specific disputes about a child’s upbringing, such as education, healthcare, or religious practices.

Supervised Contact

Contact sessions between a child and a parent or relative occurring in a controlled, supervised environment, usually due to safeguarding concerns.

Supervision Order

A court order allowing a child to remain at home while under local authority supervision due to identified safeguarding risks or concerns.

Threshold Criteria

Legal criteria local authorities must meet to justify initiating care or supervision proceedings, proving a child has suffered or is at risk of significant harm.

Wardship (Historical)

An older legal procedure (now rarely used) placing a child under direct protection of the court, used historically in international child abduction or complex custody cases.

Welfare Checklist

Statutory factors courts must consider under the Children Act 1989 when making decisions about child arrangements, residence, and welfare.

Welfare Principle

The fundamental legal principle stating that the child's welfare and best interests must always be the primary consideration in any family law decision.

Useful organisations

Adoption UK

Adoption UK is a charity providing comprehensive support, resources, and advocacy for adoptive families, prospective adopters, and children involved in adoption processes.

• Phone: 0300 666 0006

• Website: adoptionuk.org

CAFCASS (Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service)

CAFCASS independently represents children's best interests in family court proceedings, providing essential advice, assessments, and welfare reports to guide court decisions.

• Phone: 0300 456 4000

• Website: cafcass.gov.uk

Childline (NSPCC)

Childline offers confidential emotional support and counselling specifically tailored for children and young people experiencing difficulties or emotional distress.

• Phone: 0800 1111

• Website: childline.org.uk

Citizens Advice

Citizens Advice provides free, confidential advice and practical guidance on a wide range of family law issues, including child arrangements, financial responsibilities, and family disputes.

• Phone: 0800 144 8848

• Website: citizensadvice.org.uk

CoramBAAF Adoption & Fostering Academy

CoramBAAF offers specialist resources, training, and expert guidance for fostering, adoption, and special guardianship arrangements, supporting carers and professionals.

• Phone: 020 7520 0300

• Website: corambaaf.org.uk

Family Lives

Family Lives provides emotional support, practical parenting advice, and resources for families navigating relationship breakdowns, custody disputes, or parenting challenges.

• Phone: 0808 800 2222

• Website: familylives.org.uk

Family Mediation Council (FMC)

FMC oversees qualified family mediators, promoting mediation as a cost-effective and cooperative way to resolve disputes without the need for court intervention.

• Phone: 01707 594055

• Website: familymediationcouncil.org.uk

Fostering Network

The Fostering Network provides resources, advocacy, and guidance to foster carers across the UK, supporting them to provide high-quality care to fostered children.

• Phone: 020 7620 6400

• Website: thefosteringnetwork.org.uk

Gingerbread

Gingerbread offers dedicated support, practical guidance, and resources specifically tailored for single parents, covering issues like child maintenance, benefits, and emotional support.

• Phone: 0808 802 0925

• Website: gingerbread.org.uk

International Child Abduction and Contact Unit (ICACU)

ICACU is the UK government agency responsible for managing international child abduction cases, providing advice and assistance in securing the prompt return of abducted children.

• Phone: 020 3681 2608

• Website: gov.uk/international-child-abduction

Kinship (formerly Grandparents Plus)

Kinship offers specialised support, advice, and advocacy for grandparents and other family members caring for children unable to remain with their birth parents.

• Phone: 0300 123 7015

• Website: kinship.org.uk

Law Centres Network

Law Centres Network coordinates a nationwide network of centres offering free or low-cost legal advice, particularly supporting vulnerable families experiencing financial or legal difficulties.

• Phone: 020 3637 1330

• Website: lawcentres.org.uk

National Family Mediation (NFM)

National Family Mediation provides accessible mediation services across the UK, helping families resolve disputes amicably and effectively outside of the courtroom.

• Phone: 0300 4000 636

• Website: nfm.org.uk

NSPCC (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children)

The NSPCC is a leading charity dedicated to protecting children from abuse and neglect, providing comprehensive safeguarding guidance, emotional support, and reporting services.

• Phone: 0808 800 5000

• Website: nspcc.org.uk

Refuge

Refuge provides essential support, safe accommodation, and confidential advice for individuals and families experiencing domestic abuse or violence.

• Phone: 0808 2000 247

• Website: refuge.org.uk

Relate

Relate is the UK's largest provider of relationship support, offering counselling services and emotional guidance for couples, families, and individuals experiencing relationship difficulties.

• Phone: 0300 003 0396

• Website: relate.org.uk

Resolution

Resolution is an organisation of family solicitors committed to resolving disputes amicably and constructively, specialising in non-adversarial family law practices.

• Phone: 01689 820272

• Website: resolution.org.uk

Reunite International

Reunite is a specialist charity offering advice, support, and practical assistance to families dealing with international child abduction or cross-border custody disputes.

• Phone: 0116 255 6234

• Website: reunite.org

Women’s Aid

Women’s Aid provides comprehensive support services, advocacy, and refuge accommodation specifically tailored to women and children experiencing domestic abuse.

• Phone: 0808 2000 247

• Website: womensaid.org.uk

YoungMinds

YoungMinds supports children and adolescents experiencing emotional and mental health difficulties, providing accessible information, guidance, and professional emotional support.

• Phone: 0808 802 5544 (Parents Helpline)

• Website: youngminds.org.uk

All references

Age UK (2022) Grandparenting in the UK.
https://www.ageuk.org.uk

Adoption UK (2022) Annual Report.
https://www.adoptionuk.org

Cafcass (2022) Annual Report 2021-22.
https://www.cafcass.gov.uk

Child Maintenance Service (2022) Child Maintenance Statistics 2022.
https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics

Children’s Commissioner for England (2022) Annual Report 2022.
https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk

Citizens Advice (2022) Family Law and Child Maintenance Advice.
https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk

CoramBAAF Adoption & Fostering Academy (2022) Adoption and Fostering Statistics and Trends.
https://corambaaf.org.uk

Department for Education (2022) Child Protection Statistics 2022.
https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics

Family Justice Council (2022) Annual Report 2021-2022.
https://www.judiciary.uk/related-offices-and-bodies/advisory-bodies/fjc

Family Justice Young People’s Board (2022) Children’s Voices in Family Law Proceedings.
https://fjypb.org.uk

Family Law Bar Association (2022) FLBA Annual Report.
https://flba.co.uk

Family Mediation Council (2022) Annual Report 2021-2022.
https://www.familymediationcouncil.org.uk

Family Lives (2022) Family Lives Annual Report.
https://www.familylives.org.uk

Fathers4Justice (2022) Campaigns and Reports.
https://www.fathers-4-justice.org

Fostering Network (2022) State of the Nation’s Foster Care 2022.
https://www.thefosteringnetwork.org.uk

Gingerbread (2022) Single Parent Families Report.
https://www.gingerbread.org.uk

Grandparents Plus (Kinship) (2022) Family Impact Report 2022.
https://www.kinship.org.uk

Law Society UK (2022) Family Law Panel Resources.
https://www.lawsociety.org.uk

Ministry of Justice (2022) Family Court Statistics 2021-2022.
https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/family-court-statistics-quarterly

NSPCC (2022) Child Safeguarding Report 2022.
https://www.nspcc.org.uk

Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2022) Families and Households in the UK 2022.
https://www.ons.gov.uk

Reunite International (2022) International Child Abduction Report 2022.
https://www.reunite.org

Resolution (2022) Collaborative Law Survey 2022.
https://resolution.org.uk

Women’s Aid Federation of England (2022) Annual Domestic Abuse Report 2022.
https://www.womensaid.org.uk

YoungMinds (2022) Mental Health Report 2022.
https://www.youngminds.org.uk