Claims

Introduction to claims

Claims arise for countless reasons, ranging from straightforward disputes over a faulty product to more intricate scenarios involving medical negligence or contract breaches. In the UK, making a claim is your legal right if you have been wronged, injured, or suffered a loss at the hands of another party’s negligence, misconduct, or breach of duty. By seeking redress, individuals often aim to secure compensation, remedies, or acknowledgements of wrongdoing. A claim, thus, can set the stage for restoring justice, rebalancing financial burdens, or empowering you to hold parties accountable.

Understanding the fundamental nature of a claim and its place in UK law offers invaluable insight into your potential rights and entitlements. Many people may assume that making a claim is too time-consuming or complicated, yet armed with the right knowledge, it can be a manageable process. Engaging with the topic of claims helps demystify the complexities that loom around rules, procedures, and regulations associated with launching legal action. In many instances, the importance of seeking professional assistance cannot be overstated, as nuanced interpretations of the law demand expertise and practical experience.

In nearly all areas of law, from personal injury to consumer disputes, there are well-established guidelines that govern the claims process in the UK. Moreover, each type of claim has different eligibility criteria, procedural requirements, and potential outcomes. While the majority of claims do settle out of court, legal proceedings can be protracted, particularly for high-value or contested cases. It’s often the case that the stricter the claim’s legislative or procedural framework, the more you must observe specific protocols and time limits before you can see results.

Even if the procedure looks daunting at first glance, the UK legal system is designed to facilitate fair and impartial resolution. Courts and tribunals exist to ensure justice prevails, but they’re not the only avenue: the advent of alternative dispute resolution methods has paved the way for faster, less adversarial resolutions where possible.

Below is a brief table outlining some common motivations behind claims:

From the onset, you should take time to map out the nature of your claim, the legal basis upon which you are asserting your rights, and the potential remedies available. The process, stakes, and complexity can vary remarkably based on the category of claim. For instance, claiming for whiplash due to a car accident is quite different from pursuing a clinical negligence claim against a healthcare provider.

In this guide, you’ll find an in-depth roadmap to help you navigate your claim from start to finish. Each section provides a structured approach, so you can gain clarity, assess your options, and take action with confidence. By the end, you’ll not only understand the critical steps in making a claim but also be aware of how to gather evidence, manage costs, and explore dispute resolution pathways like mediation or arbitration. Furthermore, we’ll delve into time limits, court procedures, and strategies for avoiding common mistakes. All the information presented here aims to give you a thorough overview while offering the reassurance that, although complex, the system works ultimately to support those with justified claims.

Understanding the claims process

Embarking on the path of making a claim can feel overwhelming, especially to first-timers with limited familiarity with the UK legal system. To simplify this journey, it’s essential to break the claims process into distinct phases, each requiring specific actions. Generally, a claim begins by clearly establishing the basis upon which you wish to proceed—sometimes referred to as your “cause of action.” This sets the tone for the rest of the process and determines what evidence, legal arguments, and formalities are needed.

Before lodging any official paperwork, it’s wise to review any relevant contracts, documentation, or laws that might reinforce your argument. This preliminary step involves collating information about the incident or issue and clarifying how you might have been harmed or disadvantaged. For instance, personal injury claims often require medical records, witness statements, and proof of negligence. Contractual claims typically demand a thorough reading of contractual terms to identify breaches. Once you’ve gathered these basics, you’ll be better placed to decide if formal action is warranted.

The next principal step usually centres on communicating your intention to make a claim. In many commercial or consumer-related matters, a “letter before claim” or “letter of claim” is dispatched to the prospective defendant, outlining your grievances and the remedy you seek. This is often mandatory in civil litigation and is designed to allow both sides to attempt an early resolution. Should the defendant respond favourably, you might head off a formal court claim. If not, the next stage involves lodging the claim with the relevant court or tribunal.

Once a claim is formally lodged, the court will assign a case number and set timelines for further steps, including the exchange of detailed statements, evidence, and possibly preliminary hearings. At the outset, you’ll typically complete a claim form, which outlines the parties involved, the key facts, and the legal basis of the claim. It’s paramount that you present accurate and truthful information here, as inconsistencies can cause delays or even dismissal. During this phase, you should also remain aware of any potential defences the other side may raise.

After the claim has been served on the defendant, they have a specified time to acknowledge receipt and outline their response. This might be an outright admission of liability, a partial admission, or a defence that denies your allegations in full. Depending on the nature of the dispute, a court might schedule a case management conference to organise dates for disclosure of documents, witness statements, and expert testimony.

At various stages, parties might be encouraged to pursue alternative dispute resolution (ADR), such as mediation or arbitration, to settle matters without fully engaging the court’s time. This is not mandatory in all instances but is heavily promoted by the courts as a cost-effective way to resolve disputes. If ADR fails or is deemed unsuitable, the case moves toward trial. Trials are typically reserved for claims where substantial disagreement persists. Here, each side presents evidence, cross-examines witnesses, and argues their case before a judge (or jury, in limited scenarios).

Following a trial, the court issues a judgment. This may confirm the claimant’s right to compensation, reject the claim altogether, or produce instructions for partial remedies. Any party dissatisfied with the outcome can, under certain circumstances, apply for permission to appeal. Whether you appeal or not often depends on costs, prospects of success, and the significance of the dispute.

In summary, the claims process is primarily about structured communication, evidence exchange, and negotiation, culminating in a resolution—either by settlement or a court decision. The systematic approach ensures fair play and helps eliminate frivolous claims. By understanding the basic framework, you can be proactive rather than reactive at every stage, ultimately enhancing your chance of a favourable outcome.

Types of claims you can make

In UK law, a wide spectrum of claims is available, reflecting the diverse nature of disputes and potential harms individuals and businesses may encounter. Understanding these categories can help you pinpoint exactly where your situation fits. Whether you’re dealing with a personal injury from a slip-and-trip accident or recovering unpaid invoices in a commercial setting, the legal route you choose will shape the entire claims process.

Personal injury claims

Personal injury claims are among the most common. They include accidents at work, road traffic incidents, medical negligence, and public liability cases. A successful personal injury claim generally requires proving that you suffered harm due to another party’s negligence. Compensation may cover pain and suffering, medical costs, loss of earnings, and rehabilitation expenses. According to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE, 2022), over 600,000 workers sustain non-fatal injuries each year in the UK, underscoring the relevance of personal injury claims.

Consumer and contractual claims

These claims often arise when goods or services fail to meet expectations or contractual obligations. From undelivered products to substandard services, legal protection exists under statutes like the Consumer Rights Act 2015. If a breach of contract has occurred, you can seek remedies such as repair, replacement, or compensation for losses incurred. Many businesses also bring contract claims against partners or suppliers who fail to honour their commercial commitments.

Employment claims

Employees may file claims for wrongful dismissal, discrimination, unpaid wages, or harassment. These disputes are typically resolved in Employment Tribunals, though some may proceed to civil courts depending on the nature of the claim. Given the complexities of employment law, professional advice is strongly recommended to navigate strict procedural rules.

Family law claims

Disputed divorces, child custody disagreements, or financial settlement disputes are channels through which family law claims arise. While these often involve more emotional and personal stakes, procedural safeguards exist to protect all parties—particularly children. Family courts look for solutions that prioritise the best interests of any minors involved.

Property and boundary disputes

Boundary conflicts, nuisance claims (e.g., excessive noise), or disagreements over lease terms can all lead to property-related disputes. Councils, property owners, and tenants may find themselves in contention requiring legal intervention. In some instances, mediation can prove cheaper and faster than court action.

Below is a concise table offering an overview of a few types of claims:

There are many other specialised areas, such as intellectual property disputes, defamation cases, or tax appeals. Equally, certain types of claims might overlap. A dispute about faulty goods could spiral into a negligence claim if the product caused personal injury. In these overlapping scenarios, it’s often best to consult a professional who can identify the most appropriate legal channel.

When deciding which type of claim to pursue, consider the likely costs, time commitment, and emotional toll, measured against the potential benefits. By recognising your claim’s specific category, you can adhere to the relevant legislation and follow the correct procedural path from the start, substantially increasing your chance of prompt and fair resolution.

How to start your claim

Starting a claim in the UK requires careful planning, research, and adherence to procedural steps. The better prepared you are at the outset, the more smoothly the process is likely to run. At this stage, you’ll want to compile comprehensive details about the issue at hand, identify potential defendants, and understand the legal framework that might support your claim. It’s also crucial to consider alternative ways to resolve the matter before formally proceeding, as some disputes can be concluded quickly through negotiation or mediation.

Begin by documenting all the facts and events leading up to the dispute. This typically includes the timeline of incidents, key correspondence, and evidence of any wrongdoing or negligence. In personal injury matters, for instance, you’d gather accident reports, medical records, and contact details of witnesses. In consumer disputes, proof of purchase, records of customer service interactions, and product warranties may be critical. Ensuring that you have verified copies and back-ups of all relevant materials can prevent problems further down the line.

Next, confirm the legal entity or individual you believe is responsible, often known as the defendant or respondent. Confirming their identity and contact details is essential—suing the wrong party can render the entire claim void. For instance, in employment disputes, you might name both the company and an individual manager, if the alleged breaches relate to direct interactions.

Often, the formal process begins with a pre-action protocol, if one applies to your type of claim. These protocols are specific guidelines that set out the steps both parties must follow before commencing formal legal proceedings. They encourage information sharing and negotiation, hoping to narrow issues and potentially settle matters without court involvement. Failing to follow the applicable pre-action protocol can result in the court penalising the non-compliant party, sometimes through cost sanctions.

Once you’re satisfied that you have adhered to any relevant pre-action requirements, you can issue a “letter before claim.” This written communication details your legal position, the facts of the dispute, and what resolution you seek—whether that’s financial compensation, specific performance (i.e., requiring them to fulfil a contractual obligation), or an apology and retraction (common in defamation matters). The letter should make clear a reasonable timeframe for the recipient to respond.

If your attempts at amicable resolution fail, the next step is to formally file your claim with the appropriate court or tribunal. For lower-value or less complex disputes, the County Court is typically the place to start. More substantial or complex claims may go to the High Court. This involves completing a claim form—often referred to as an N1 form in civil matters—where you outline the case details and the remedies requested. You’ll also pay a court fee, which varies depending on the claim’s financial value.

During the filing process, ensure accuracy and clarity in the details you provide. Any factual discrepancies or missing information can delay proceedings or undermine credibility. After submission, the court will officially serve the claim on the defendant, unless you decide to undertake service yourself. From here, the countdown begins for the defendant to file an acknowledgement or defence. Being well-prepared and methodical at this opening stage creates a solid foundation for the rest of the claim, increasing the likelihood of a smooth progression through the legal system.

Gathering evidence for your claim

Evidence is the backbone of any successful claim in the UK. Whether you’re alleging financial loss, physical injury, or contractual breach, you carry the burden of proof. The more compelling your evidence, the stronger your position, both at the negotiation table and if matters proceed to trial. While some types of claims demand significant document disclosure, others might rely more heavily on witness statements or expert testimony.

The first step is to identify the categories of evidence you need. These may include:

• Documentary evidence: Contracts, receipts, emails, letters, medical records, and financial statements.

• Witness statements: Written accounts from people who observed the event or can testify to relevant circumstances.

• Photographic or video evidence: Images showing damage, injuries, or the scene of the incident.

• Expert reports: Opinions from specialists in fields such as medicine, engineering, or finance.

Once you have your categories, systematically collect each piece of evidence, organising them by date and relevance. For instance, in a personal injury claim resulting from a workplace accident, you might group accident reports, medical diagnoses, and photographic evidence of injuries in one logical sequence. Then, maintain these in an evidence bundle that can be disclosed to the opposing party and the court if required.

In particular, notice that, under UK court rules, each side typically has a duty to disclose any relevant information—even if it weakens their own case. This principle ensures that both sides operate on an equal footing and that no party can spring last-minute surprises at trial. If either side fails to disclose significant evidence, the court can impose sanctions. Keeping transparent records and disclosing them in a timely fashion fosters trust and integrity in the judicial process.

In addition to documentary evidence, witness statements can be pivotal in clarifying events. It’s wise to gather statements early, while memories remain fresh. Encourage witnesses to detail precisely what they saw or heard, avoiding speculation. Under the Civil Procedure Rules, these statements must adhere to a formal structure, concluding with a statement of truth confirming their accuracy.

Expert evidence is another key component, especially in claims requiring specialised knowledge that goes beyond everyday understanding. Courts often rely on independent experts for clarity in areas like medical prognosis or the structural integrity of a building. Securing the right expert with the necessary credentials is crucial, as their testimony can significantly sway the outcome. If the court is not persuaded by an expert’s methodology or qualifications, their evidence may carry little weight.

Finally, digital forensics can sometimes play a crucial role, especially where electronic communications or software standard compliance is at issue. Ensuring data authenticity is paramount, so it’s best to consult specialists or keep metadata intact wherever possible.

By taking a comprehensive and methodical approach to gathering evidence, you fortify your case. Thorough evidence not only boosts credibility but may also encourage the other side to engage in constructive negotiations, paving the way for an early settlement that avoids the need for a lengthy trial.

Time limits for making claims

Time limits, often referred to as “limitation periods,” are critical in UK law. These limitations dictate the window within which you must lodge court proceedings, failing which your claim may become “statute-barred,” meaning you can no longer pursue it. If you have a legitimate claim but wait too long, you might lose your right to recover damages or seek remedial action altogether.

The Limitation Act 1980 is the primary piece of legislation setting out time limits for various types of claims in England and Wales. However, other specialist areas (such as defamation, child abuse claims, or clinical negligence) can have unique provisions or exceptions. For example, in many personal injury cases, you generally have three years from the date of the incident or the date you first became aware of your injury to issue court proceedings. In contrast, contract disputes usually carry a six-year limitation period. Understanding which timeframe applies to your case is essential.

Below is a table highlighting some common limitation periods:

For claims involving minors or individuals without mental capacity, the limitation period may be postponed. In personal injury claims, for instance, a child’s three-year limit often starts from their 18th birthday. Similarly, the countdown might be suspended for those lacking mental capacity, resuming only if and when they regain capacity.

There can also be circumstances in which the “date of knowledge” is pivotal. For instance, an industrial disease like asbestosis might manifest years after exposure. In such cases, the three-year clock begins from the date you knew (or ought to have known) about the condition’s connection to the negligence—often referred to as the “date of knowledge.” This rule acknowledges the hidden or progressive nature of certain injuries.

If you believe you are pressing close to a deadline, you should not delay in seeking advice. Even if your claim is strong, a missed deadline is usually conclusive. Occasionally, courts can exercise discretion to allow claims beyond the limitation period, but this is not guaranteed and depends on factors like the length of delay, reasons for late filing, and prejudice to the defendant. As a general rule, though, relying on judicial discretion is risky.

Staying aware of these time limits and acting promptly is essential for preserving your right to seek legal redress. It confirms that justice can be done efficiently and discourages frivolous delays. From a practical standpoint, remembering deadlines shapes your strategy—whether you push for settlement early or decide to begin court proceedings quickly to protect your claim. In all cases, a timely approach ensures you’re best placed to move forward confidently and effectively.

Costs involved in making a claim

Legal claims can incur diverse costs, which vary depending on the value, complexity, and length of the dispute. A major concern for many potential claimants is whether the financial risk is justifiable. In the UK, the traditional principle is that “costs follow the event,” meaning the losing party typically pays the winning party’s legal costs. However, this outcome is never guaranteed, so it’s important to have a clear understanding of what expenses you could face.

Court fees: When you submit your claim, you must pay a fee. The amount depends on the type of court and the value of the claim. For instance, in the County Court Money Claims Centre, fees escalate with the sum claimed. Although fee exemptions or reductions are available for those on low incomes, not everyone qualifies.

Solicitor’s fees: If you opt for professional legal representation, your solicitor will estimate their fees based on time spent, complexity, and expertise. Some claimants choose ‘no win, no fee’ arrangements, where you only pay if you succeed. While this is a popular option, always check the solicitor’s success fee structure and any insurance premiums you might need to protect against adverse costs.

Disbursements: Additional expenses, such as barristers’ fees, expert reports, and travel costs, are collectively known as disbursements. Expert reports can be especially expensive in cases requiring multiple specialists—think of medical negligence or high-value commercial disputes.

Alternative dispute resolution costs: Mediation or arbitration typically require parties to share the mediator’s or arbitrator’s fees. Although generally cheaper than a trial, these costs can still be considerable in complex cases. However, many see this path as preferable to the unpredictability of a courtroom battle.

Potential adverse costs: If your claim doesn’t succeed, you could be ordered to cover the other side’s legal costs. This is why many claimants take out after-the-event (ATE) insurance to mitigate the risk. ATE policies cover legal expenses should you lose, but the policy premium can be high—though sometimes deferred until the claim’s conclusion.

Litigation funding: For larger or more complex claims, third-party funding may be an option. A commercial funder pays your legal fees in return for a percentage of any damages recovered if you win. While this approach eases cash flow concerns, it means you’ll share your winnings with the funder.

Small claims track: For lower-value claims—under £10,000 in most cases—disputes are usually allocated to the small claims track. Here, legal costs are less recoverable, meaning you’re less likely to face a hefty adverse costs bill if you lose and might pay the other party’s expenses only in limited circumstances (e.g., for unreasonable behaviour).

Balancing these costs against your claim’s potential value is a crucial calculation. Some claims are straightforward enough to handle without a solicitor, while others demand specialist advice. Many claimants find that exploring alternative dispute resolution methods—where fees tend to be more predictable and controllable—is a sensible starting point.

Ultimately, cost considerations should guide your strategic choices throughout. By fully understanding potential expenses, exploring funding options, and monitoring your case’s progression, you can ensure that financial risks remain proportionate to the claim’s potential benefits.

Alternative dispute resolution methods

While litigation is often the first process that comes to mind when people think of legal claims, it’s frequently not the most cost-effective or time-efficient route. In the UK, there is a growing emphasis on settling disputes outside of court through alternative dispute resolution (ADR). The courts encourage exploring these avenues before initiating formal litigation, and failing to do so can risk adverse cost implications.

Mediation

Mediation is a confidential and voluntary process that involves an impartial mediator who helps the parties reach a mutually acceptable solution. Unlike a judge, a mediator doesn’t decide who wins or loses. Instead, they facilitate communication, clarify issues, and encourage compromise. Mediation sessions are typically shorter and less formal compared to court hearings. According to the Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution (CEDR, 2022), about 93% of mediated disputes reach a settlement or at least narrow the issues in contention.

Arbitration

Arbitration is akin to a private court proceeding. Parties appoint an arbitrator (or a panel of arbitrators) to review evidence and issue a binding decision. Arbitration is especially prevalent in commercial and international disputes, where a swift and discreet resolution is preferred. It may be more formal than mediation but generally offers greater flexibility than a courtroom trial. The Arbitration Act 1996 governs the procedure in England and Wales, ensuring decisions are final and enforceable.

Early neutral evaluation (ENE)

ENE involves a neutral assessor (often a retired judge or legal expert) who evaluates the case and provides a non-binding opinion on likely outcomes. The goal is to give both sides a realistic view of their chances in court, encouraging them to settle without incurring further legal costs. If both parties trust the evaluator’s expertise, ENE can be a powerful catalyst for compromise.

Conciliation

Conciliation shares similarities with mediation but is commonly used in employment disputes. A conciliator plays an active role in suggesting potential solutions, whereas a mediator remains more passive. The Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) often facilitates conciliation in workplace disputes, with an emphasis on preserving professional relationships.

Advantages of ADR

1. Flexibility: Processes can be adapted to the parties’ schedules and needs.

2. Lower costs: Reduced legal fees and court expenses are typical.

3. Confidentiality: Unlike public court hearings, ADR sessions are private.

4. Control over outcome: Parties collaborate on solutions, rather than having a judgment imposed.

Despite these advantages, ADR may not be suitable for every claim. Cases involving precedential issues, uncooperative parties, or serious conflicts pertaining to public interest might necessitate judicial intervention. Equally, if trust between parties has entirely broken down, the neutrality offered by a judge may be the only means to secure an outcome both sides will respect.

In summary, ADR offers a broad spectrum of dispute resolution mechanisms that aim to resolve conflicts without resorting to a trial. Given the potential savings in time, cost, and stress, it’s wise to consider these routes early. Many claims can be effectively settled through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, turning what could be an arduous court battle into a more straightforward resolution for everyone involved.

How the courts deal with claims

When matters progress to court, the system in England and Wales delivers a structured framework to ensure fairness and due process. Although the nature of the claim might dictate which court or track you use, the underlying principles remain consistent: both parties present evidence, arguments, and follow procedural rules set out in legislation and practice directions.

Allocation to a track

In civil proceedings, the court typically allocates a claim to one of three tracks: small claims, fast track, or multi-track. Small claims (usually under £10,000) feature basic procedures, limited cost recovery, and often shorter hearings. Fast track cases (valued between £10,000 and £25,000) target a trial lasting no more than one day, with structured timetables for document disclosure and witness statements. Multi-track cases (above £25,000 or complex) are managed more flexibly, with detailed court directions tailored to the dispute.

Case management

Once allocated, a procedural judge often holds a case management conference. Here, deadlines for key milestones—such as exchange of witness statements or expert reports—are set. The judge’s role is to ensure the dispute proceeds efficiently, discouraging undue delays and excessive costs. Parties must keep the court informed of any changes or issues affecting the timetable.

Hearing or trial

If a claim doesn’t settle, the court will schedule a final hearing or trial date. Each party presents oral arguments, cross-examines witnesses, and summarises key points in closing submissions. Judges base their decisions on the balance of probabilities (in civil cases), weighing up whose evidence is more persuasive. After hearing the evidence, the judge delivers a judgment. In some instances, this is immediate; in others, it might be reserved until a later date, especially if the case is complex.

Costs judgements

Following the outcome, courts typically address the issue of costs. The losing party often pays the winner’s costs, though the judge can adjust the percentage based on conduct or partial success. In small claims, only limited costs (such as fixed court fees or travel expenses) are usually recoverable.

Appeals

If a party believes a legal or factual error significantly affected the judgment, they may request permission to appeal. Appeals generally focus on questions of law rather than re-evaluating all evidence. Higher courts, such as the High Court to the Court of Appeal, are reluctant to overturn decisions unless the lower court clearly erred.

Enforcement

A judgment is only as powerful as your ability to enforce it. If the losing party fails to pay a monetary award, various enforcement options exist, including bailiff action, charging orders on property, or attachment of earnings orders (for employed defendants). Courts also handle enforcement for non-monetary judgments, such as injunctions.

Overall, the courts supply a robust yet formal mechanism for resolving claims when other avenues fail. Although it can be lengthy and expensive, judicial intervention often brings closure in complex or highly contested disputes. By whoever is successful, a court’s judgment carries legal weight, ensuring that individuals can enforce or defend their rights in a regulated, impartial environment.

What happens after you submit your claim

Once you’ve submitted your claim to the court, you enter a structured procedural sequence guided by the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR). Initially, the court will serve the claim form on the defendant (unless you’ve elected to do so yourself). From that point, the defendant typically has 14 days (in England and Wales) to respond or file an acknowledgement of service. If they fail to respond, you can request a default judgment, which grants you the remedy sought without the need for a full hearing.

However, in most cases, the defendant issues a defence or an acknowledgement of service indicating their intent to defend. Depending on the complexity and value, the claim might then be allocated to one of the three tracks: small, fast, or multi-track. Thereafter, a case management conference or directions hearing sets out a timetable for the next procedural steps—like exchanging evidence, filing expert reports, or agreeing on witness statements.

Simultaneously, the court may nudge both parties to explore alternative dispute resolution methods, such as mediation. Many disputes settle during this stage, often saving time and expenses. If a settlement is reached, the parties can apply for a consent order, ending the litigation.

If no settlement materialises, the dispute moves toward a final hearing or trial. During this time, you’ll exchange documents, finalise witness statements, and potentially deal with disclosure obligations—handing over relevant information to the other side. A pre-trial review may be scheduled if the case is complex. This ensures both parties and the court are prepared for trial.

Even at this juncture, negotiations can continue. Indeed, it’s not unusual for claims to settle literally on the courthouse steps. The impetus to avoid litigation risk and expense can intensify as a trial date looms. If, however, the case proceeds to trial, each side presents arguments, cross-examines witnesses, and may introduce expert testimony. The judge then deliberates and issues a verdict.

After judgment, the unsuccessful party may be ordered to pay litigation costs. Alternatively, the court may apportion costs if the outcome was mixed. If you’re awarded damages, it’s your responsibility to secure payment; the court won’t automatically chase the defendant. Hence, enforcement measures might be necessary if the losing party doesn’t comply. Options include bailiff action or attachment of earnings, among others.

In summary, the post-submission phase is characterised by structured deadlines and opportunities for pre-trial settlement. How quickly or smoothly the process unfolds depends on the compliance of both parties and the complexity of the issues at play. Staying organised, meeting every deadline, and being open to negotiation can significantly enhance your prospects, ensuring that you’re well positioned to secure the best possible outcome for your claim.

What to do if your claim is contested

When you discover that the defendant disputes your claim—either partially or in full—your case is considered “contested.” This triggers a sequence of procedural steps designed to ensure both sides have a fair opportunity to present their case. While it might feel disheartening to know you won’t secure an immediate settlement, being prepared can help you handle the contested claim effectively.

First, review the defence in detail. Identify which arguments the defendant is relying on—are they contesting liability, disputing the facts, or raising a legal defence that negates your claim? If there are areas of partial agreement, such as the extent of damage but not the cause, you can concentrate your efforts on the contested points. Constructing a well-thought-out reply to the defence is crucial: address each argument with clarity and cite the evidence that refutes their position.

Next, ensure you comply with any directions issued by the court, such as disclosing relevant documents or exchanging witness statements. The contested nature of the claim means the court will often require a higher degree of scrutiny on your submissions. You may need to refine or update your evidence, call upon expert witnesses, or even commission fresh expert reports to counter the defendant’s claims. This is also the stage at which you’d crystallise your legal arguments, referencing case law, statutes, or regulations that support your stance.

During this period, it’s wise to consider whether alternative dispute resolution (ADR) might still be viable. Even though the defendant is contesting your claim, a mediator or arbitrator can help bridge the gap, potentially saving significant court fees and time. Courts often look favourably on parties that demonstrate a willingness to consider ADR, and a refusal without good reason could affect cost orders.

If the case remains unresolved, the court may schedule one or more interim hearings, such as a case management conference or pre-trial review. These sessions fine-tune the logistical details—like the date, length, and venue of the trial—and offer another opportunity to narrow the issues in dispute. The judge may also issue warnings or timetables that must be strictly followed.

As trial approaches, your legal team (if you have one) or you (if self-representing) will prepare a trial bundle—containing pleadings, evidence, and any relevant legal authorities. In court, each side presents arguments, cross-examines witnesses, and challenges the other side’s evidence. Be prepared for rigorous scrutiny of your claim.

Once judgment is rendered, even if the claim is contested, the court’s decision stands unless successfully appealed. If you emerge victorious, you may still face hurdles in enforcing the order if the defendant is unwilling or unable to pay. Having a well-considered enforcement strategy is vital in such cases. By anticipating and preparing for each stage of a contested claim, you help ensure a smoother process and reduce the stress often associated with drawn-out legal battles.

Settling your claim out of court

An overwhelming majority of civil claims in the UK settle out of court, reflecting the realisation that protracted legal battles can be stressful, expensive, and time-consuming. Settlement can occur at any point—from the moment a dispute arises to the final hours before a trial begins. Negotiation, whether informal or facilitated through a structured alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process, creates an environment in which both parties can compromise, thus averting the uncertainty of a courtroom showdown.

There are some compelling reasons to settle:

• Cost savings: Trials often generate sizeable legal fees and associated expenses.

• Speed: Settlements can be reached rapidly compared to the long wait for a court date.

• Control: You have more say in the terms of a settlement than you do under a court judgment.

• Privacy: Settlements are typically confidential, shielding sensitive details from public record.

One effective way to initiate settlement discussions is to send a settlement proposal or make a formal Part 36 offer. Part 36 of the Civil Procedure Rules provides a framework for offering or accepting sums of money without prejudice to your rights if the matter goes to trial. These offers encourage early resolution by imposing cost consequences if a party rejects a reasonable offer and later fails to beat it at trial.

Before accepting a proposed settlement, evaluate whether the figure or terms adequately compensate you or address your grievance. Consider intangible factors like stress, potential future losses, or reputational harm, which might not be fully captured by a single monetary payment. If the defendant offers a modest sum, weigh that against the trial’s full potential value and the risks of losing.

In multi-party cases, negotiations can be more complex. Each party’s liability might differ, and some might choose to settle while others continue to contest. The final agreement might involve a global settlement, under which all claims are resolved, or a partial resolution for certain aspects of the dispute.

Once parties reach a consensus, the agreement should be documented in writing, often referred to as a settlement agreement or Tomlin Order if it’s to be approved by the court. This written record ensures clarity and enforceability. If the terms are breached, either side may return to court to enforce the settlement instead of reopening the original claim.

Overall, securing an out-of-court settlement can be a strategic decision that saves time and money, while also preserving relationships. By approaching negotiations with openness and a realistic view of the strengths and weaknesses of your claim, you optimise your chances of arriving at a settlement that genuinely meets your needs.

Understanding compensation and damages

Compensation—or damages, as referred to in legal terminology—is the backbone of most claims, offering a financial remedy for harm suffered. Damages can vary significantly depending on the nature and severity of the wrongdoing. Understanding how they are calculated and awarded is crucial to formulating realistic expectations about your case’s potential outcomes.

General vs. special damages

In personal injury and some contractual claims, compensation is divided into general and special damages. General damages compensate for non-quantifiable losses like pain, suffering, or loss of amenities. Special damages, meanwhile, address easily quantifiable losses, such as medical expenses or property repair costs. For instance, if you sustained a broken arm in a slip-and-trip accident, your general damages might cover the intangible suffering, while special damages would relate to hospital bills, physiotherapy, and lost earnings.

Punitive or exemplary damages

Sometimes, courts award punitive damages to punish the defendant’s conduct, rather than simply compensate the claimant. These are rare in the UK and more common in jurisdictions like the United States. Punitive damages frequently appear in cases involving egregious or malicious wrongdoing—for example, deliberate defamation aimed at irreparably harming someone’s reputation.

Calculating amounts

There is no single formula for calculating damages, but UK courts and legal professionals often rely on guidelines published by the Judicial College. Personal injury practitioners, for instance, refer to the Judicial College Guidelines (latest edition published in 2022) to determine appropriate payouts based on injury type and severity. For contractual disputes, damages typically aim to put the claimant in the position they would have been in if the contract had been performed correctly.

Below is a brief table illustrating different categories of damages:

Mitigation

Claimants have a duty to mitigate their losses, meaning they should take reasonable steps to minimise the financial impact of the harm. For instance, if your car is damaged in an accident, you can’t let it sit in disrepair for six months, incurring endless storage fees, and then claim those costs back. The court expects you to repair it as soon as reasonably possible, at a fair cost.

Aggravated damages

In certain scenarios, the defendant’s objectionable conduct might worsen the claimant’s suffering, prompting the court to add an uplift to the final damages award. Aggravated damages seek to acknowledge the distress or humiliation inflicted beyond the direct harm. This could apply in defamation or discrimination claims, where malicious intent is evident.

Understanding how courts assess compensation helps you gauge the settlement options as well. If a defendant’s offer is lower than what you might realistically achieve at trial, you could continue the claim. Conversely, if it aligns well with common case outcomes, it might be prudent to settle and avoid lengthy litigation. Having a handle on these concepts enables you to pursue a fair amount that reflects both the tangible and intangible consequences of the wrongdoing.

Common mistakes to avoid in claims

Pursuing a claim can be a complex endeavour, and it’s easy to stumble into pitfalls that undermine your case and prolong the process. Being aware of common mistakes equips you to steer clear of them, leading to a more efficient and successful outcome.

1. Ignoring pre-action protocols
   Many claimants dive straight into court proceedings without following relevant pre-action protocols. These guidelines encourage early sharing of information and exploration of settlements, and courts often penalise parties who disregard them. Always check if there is a specific protocol for your claim type.

2. Failing to gather comprehensive evidence
   Weak or disorganised evidence can derail even the strongest legal arguments. Make sure to collect all relevant documentation, witness statements, and expert opinions before you begin. Keep an evidence log, noting the source and date.

3. Missing limitation periods
   Overlooking the time limit can instantly invalidate an otherwise viable claim. Mark important deadlines in your calendar and consider seeking professional advice if you’re unsure about the correct limitation period. Even a seemingly minor delay can prove fatal to your case.

4. Underestimating costs
   Legal expenses can mount quickly—court fees, solicitor costs, expert reports, and potential adverse costs if you lose. Draft a budget early and keep revisiting it to ensure you’re not spending more than the claim is worth.

5. Refusing to negotiate
   Inflexibility can be expensive. Settlement or mediation might provide a pragmatic way out of a dispute, saving you time and resources. Take a realistic look at your adversary’s position and consider the emotional cost of a protracted trial.

6. Disclosing irrelevant or privileged information
   In the rush to comply with disclosure deadlines, some claimants mistakenly share legally privileged or extraneous information that could harm their case. Seek guidance on what must—and must not—be disclosed.

7. Lack of clarity in pleadings
   Drafting a vague or contradictory claim form can confuse the court and the defendant. Be precise about the nature of your claim, the facts, and the remedies sought. A clear, concise statement of case sets the tone for the entire litigation.

8. Not monitoring compliance
   Courts set strict timetables for exchanging evidence, filing witness statements, and completing other tasks. Missing deadlines can incur penalties or lead to key evidence being refused at trial. If you’re self-representing, keep meticulous records of each deadline.

9. Poor communication with solicitors
   For those who hire legal representatives, failing to maintain open, honest dialogue can result in misunderstanding, inflated fees, or missed opportunities to settle. Provide your solicitor with all the facts promptly and respond quickly to requests for information.

By dodging these common errors, you significantly improve your prospects of success, reduce stress, and keep costs under control. Staying organised, remaining open to compromise, and thoroughly preparing your case can make the difference between a favourable result and a bruising legal defeat.

Getting legal help with your claim

In the UK, you are entitled to represent yourself—often referred to as a “litigant in person.” However, the legal landscape can be intricate, and professional advice can be invaluable, particularly in high-stakes or complex matters. Seeking legal help does not necessarily mean incurring exorbitant fees. Numerous avenues exist, from solicitors’ firms to pro bono services, legal clinics, and specialised charities.

Solicitors

Solicitors are often the first port of call for those needing comprehensive legal support. They offer advice, draft legal documents, carry out negotiations, and can represent you in the lower courts. You’ll typically be billed by the hour, although fixed-fee or conditional fee (no win, no fee) arrangements are increasingly common. Engaging a solicitor might make sense for complex disputes, where the risk of getting it wrong is substantial.

Barristers

If your case proceeds to a contested hearing (or trial), you may need a barrister to represent you in higher courts. Barristers possess specialist advocacy skills and can also offer expert opinions on intricate legal issues. Under the Public Access Scheme, you can sometimes instruct a barrister directly without going through a solicitor, potentially saving costs.

Legal aid and pro bono support

Legal aid is government funding for those unable to afford legal representation, but it’s heavily means-tested and often restricted to specific case types (like family or housing disputes). Pro bono services offered by charities or volunteer lawyers can fill the gap for those ineligible for legal aid. Organisations such as LawWorks connect individuals to volunteer solicitors who provide free advice or representation, primarily for lower-income parties.

Citizens Advice

Local Citizens Advice offices provide free advice on a range of issues, including consumer disputes, employment matters, and housing. While they may not represent you in court, they can be a vital resource for paperwork guidance, procedural advice, and signposting to other specialist services.

Legal expenses insurance

Some people already have legal expenses insurance (LEI) included in their home or car insurance policies. LEI might cover the costs of a solicitor to pursue or defend certain claims, alleviating the financial burden of litigation. Typically, you must inform the insurer promptly when a dispute arises, or risk invalidating the cover.

Ultimately, the decision to hire professionals depends on factors such as your confidence in self-representation, the complexity of your dispute, and the potential financial stakes. Having expert guidance often streamlines the process, avoids procedural errors, and can help to achieve a more favourable settlement or court result. Whichever route you choose, plan early, explore your funding options, and ensure clear communication with any professional assisting you. Good legal help can be the difference between a daunting, uncertain journey and a more assured path toward resolving your claim.

Conclusion

Approaching a claim in the UK can be both empowering and daunting. On one hand, the legal system is designed to ensure fairness and provide remedies for legitimate grievances. On the other, navigating court procedures, evidential requirements, and deadlines can pose significant challenges, particularly for those unfamiliar with such processes. By arming yourself with knowledge—understanding the nature of your claim, time limits, cost implications, and the potential for alternative dispute resolution—you position yourself strongly for a favourable outcome.

The journey often starts with clarifying your cause of action, identifying the defendant, and engaging with any pre-action protocols that apply. From there, you’ll decide whether a court-based resolution is necessary or if a mediated settlement might better serve your interests. Gathering robust evidence underpins every successful claim, whether you’re dealing with personal injury, contractual breaches, or disputes involving employment or property.

If your claim is contested, standing firm on your legal arguments and abiding by court directions become critical. Simultaneously, the possibility of out-of-court settlement frequently looms large, offering avenues to preserve resources and reach an agreement that satisfies both parties. Regardless of whether you settle or proceed to trial, understanding how compensation is calculated helps you form realistic expectations.

Throughout this entire process, it’s essential to avoid common pitfalls—missing time limits, failing to gather evidence correctly, or neglecting settlement opportunities can hamper your progress. Where uncertainty arises, consulting legal experts—from solicitors to pro bono advisers—can provide invaluable support. Ultimately, the claims process is about asserting rights, seeking redress, and, in many cases, promoting a sense of closure or justice.

With careful planning, prompt action, and the right guidance, you can navigate claims in a manner that respects both your interests and the integrity of the UK’s legal framework. Whether you pursue a small claim or a complex multi-track dispute, remember that your diligence in preparing and presenting your case is often the key determinant of success.

Frequently asked questions

Getting started with your claim

What should I do immediately after an incident occurs?

Immediately document the details, including date, time, location, and any witnesses. Gather photographic or video evidence if possible and seek medical attention promptly if you’re injured. Keep all receipts or records related to expenses incurred.

How can I tell if my claim is valid?

Your claim is likely valid if you’ve suffered harm, loss, or a breach of rights due to someone else’s negligence, breach of contract, or unlawful action. If unsure, consult a solicitor or Citizens Advice for guidance.

Do I need a solicitor to start a claim?

Not necessarily, but professional legal advice can significantly enhance your chances of success, especially in more complex or higher-value cases.

Evidence and documentation

What evidence should I collect for my claim?

Collect written documents (contracts, receipts), photographs, witness statements, medical reports, and financial records clearly supporting your claim.

How long should I keep evidence and documentation?

Retain all relevant documentation until your claim concludes fully, including any appeals or enforcement action. Typically, keeping records for at least six years is advisable.

How important are witness statements?

Witness statements can substantially strengthen your case by providing independent verification of events. Statements must be accurate, factual, and signed.

Time limits and deadlines

How long do I have to make a claim?

Time limits vary by claim type. Personal injury claims typically have a three-year limitation period, contractual disputes six years, and employment tribunal claims three months less one day. Always confirm specific deadlines promptly.

Can limitation periods be extended?

Courts may occasionally extend deadlines in exceptional circumstances, such as severe illness or deliberate concealment of wrongdoing, but extensions are rarely granted. Act promptly to avoid complications.

What happens if I miss a deadline?

Missing limitation deadlines usually bars your claim entirely, irrespective of its strength. Seek immediate legal advice if you fear approaching or missing deadlines.

Financial aspects and costs

How much does it cost to make a claim?

Costs vary significantly based on complexity and method chosen (court vs ADR). Simple small claims may cost as little as £35, whereas complex claims involving solicitors and experts can cost significantly more.

What is a 'no-win, no-fee' agreement?

A Conditional Fee Agreement (CFA) means your solicitor is only paid if your claim succeeds. Typically, fees are deducted from your awarded compensation, capped often at around 25%.

Can I get help paying court fees?

Yes, you might qualify for reduced or waived court fees based on financial hardship. You can apply through GOV.UK to check eligibility.

Settlement and negotiation

Should I settle my claim out of court?

Settling out of court can be faster, less expensive, and less stressful. It’s recommended when parties can find mutually agreeable terms. Always seek independent advice before settling.

What if the other party refuses to negotiate?

If negotiations stall, courts or mediation might be necessary. Often, involving solicitors or mediators helps reinitiate productive discussions.

Are settlements legally binding?

Yes, settlements documented and signed by both parties are legally enforceable. Clearly documenting terms prevents misunderstandings or further disputes.

Court proceedings and hearings

Do I have to attend court?

Not all claims require attending court; many settle beforehand. If your claim goes to trial, your attendance is generally required unless exceptional circumstances exist.

What happens at a court hearing?

Both sides present evidence and arguments. Witnesses and experts may testify, after which the judge decides based on evidence and applicable law.

Can I represent myself at a court hearing?

Yes, particularly in Small Claims cases. However, professional representation usually enhances your effectiveness in presenting complex claims.

Compensation and outcomes

How is compensation calculated?

Compensation calculation considers financial losses (special damages) and non-financial impacts like pain and suffering (general damages). Courts reference guidelines and comparable cases for fairness.

Is the compensation I receive taxable?

Typically, personal injury compensation is tax-free. Employment-related awards (lost wages) are usually taxable. Seek professional advice for clarity.

How quickly will I receive my compensation?

Once awarded, compensation is usually payable promptly. If delayed, enforcement action may be necessary to compel payment.

After your claim concludes

What if I disagree with the court's decision?

You can appeal if significant errors in law or procedure occurred. Appeals must usually be lodged within 21 days from the judgment date.

How can I enforce a judgment if the other party doesn't pay?

Enforcement options include bailiffs, attachment of earnings, or charging orders against property. Enforcement must follow strict procedural rules.

What should I do with compensation after receiving it?

Consider financial advice to manage larger awards effectively, ensuring compensation meets long-term needs, such as ongoing care or medical expenses.

Getting additional support

Where can I get free legal advice?

Organisations like Citizens Advice, Law Centres, and ACAS offer free legal advice and support for various claims and disputes.

Can legal expenses insurance help cover my claim costs?

Yes, Legal Expenses Insurance (LEI) policies typically cover your legal fees and associated costs. Check existing home or car insurance policies before starting your claim.

Where can I find expert support if my claim is complex?

Clearwise can connect you with experienced experts offering personalised advice tailored specifically to your situation. Initial consultations are free, ensuring informed decisions about your claim.

Still have questions?

If you have specific queries or concerns about making a claim that are not covered in this guide, expert help is readily available. Speaking with a dedicated professional can provide clarity on complex legal points and help you negotiate or litigate your claim effectively. Do reach out to a qualified solicitor, barrister, or legal adviser for one-to-one guidance—your first consultation can often be provided free of charge.

Glossary

Acknowledgment of service

A formal response filed by a defendant to indicate they've received the claim form and whether they intend to defend the claim.

ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution)

Methods such as mediation, arbitration, or negotiation that settle disputes without formal court proceedings.

Arbitration

A binding form of ADR where an impartial third-party (arbitrator) reviews evidence and makes a legally enforceable decision.

Attachment of earnings order

A court order requiring an employer to deduct regular payments from a debtor's wages to repay a debt.

Bailiff

An authorised court official who enforces judgments by recovering debts through asset seizure.

Barrister

A specialist legal advocate providing expert legal advice, representation, and advocacy in courts and tribunals.

Breach of contract

A failure by one party to fulfil obligations agreed upon in a contract.

Case management conference (CMC)

A procedural hearing where a judge manages timelines, evidence, and preparations for a trial.

Civil procedure rules (CPR)

Rules governing how civil claims must be conducted in England and Wales, ensuring fairness and consistency.

Claim form

Official document (usually form N1) filed at court to formally begin a legal claim.

Claimant

The individual or organisation initiating legal proceedings against another party.

Compensatory award

Financial payment awarded to compensate claimants for actual losses, commonly used in employment tribunal cases.

Conditional fee agreement (CFA)

Also known as "no-win, no-fee," an agreement where solicitor fees are only paid if a claim is successful.

Counterclaim

A claim issued by the defendant against the claimant in response to the original claim.

Damages

Monetary compensation awarded by courts to claimants who have suffered harm, injury, or loss.

Default judgment

A judgment awarded automatically in favour of the claimant if the defendant fails to respond or defend the claim within the required period.

Defendant

The individual or entity against whom a claim is brought.

Disclosure

The mandatory process requiring both parties to share relevant evidence and documentation before trial.

Employment tribunal

A specialist tribunal dealing specifically with employment disputes such as unfair dismissal or discrimination claims.

Enforcement

Legal actions taken to compel compliance with court judgments or settlement agreements, including asset seizure or wage garnishment.

Expert witness

A qualified professional providing specialised evidence or opinion on complex or technical aspects of a claim.

Fast track

A court procedural pathway for claims valued between £10,000 and £25,000, designed for quicker resolution and limited complexity.

General damages

Compensation awarded for non-financial losses such as pain, suffering, or loss of amenity.

Interim injunction

A temporary court order requiring or prohibiting certain actions until a full hearing or trial takes place.

Interim payment

A payment awarded by a court to cover immediate costs or losses before final judgment.

Judgment

The official court decision determining the outcome of a claim, including any compensation awarded.

Judicial college guidelines

Guidelines used by courts to determine appropriate compensation amounts for personal injuries and similar claims.

Letter before action (LBA)

Formal correspondence sent by claimants to defendants setting out the claim details and requesting a resolution before court proceedings begin.

Limitation period

The statutory time limit within which legal proceedings must be initiated.

Litigation

The formal legal process of taking a dispute to court to resolve a claim or disagreement.

Mediation

An ADR method involving a neutral third-party mediator helping disputing parties reach a voluntary settlement.

Mitigation

The claimant’s duty to take reasonable actions to minimise their losses or damages resulting from the defendant's wrongdoing.

Multi-track

Court process used for complex or high-value claims (typically above £25,000), involving more detailed management and procedures.

Negotiation

Direct informal discussions between disputing parties aimed at resolving a dispute without formal legal action.

No-win, no-fee

Commonly known as Conditional Fee Agreement, a solicitor’s agreement to charge fees only if the claim succeeds.

Nominal damages

Minimal financial compensation awarded when rights have been breached but without significant actual harm.

Particulars of claim

Detailed information and legal grounds set out by the claimant in court documents supporting their case.

Punitive (exemplary) damages

Rarely awarded damages intended to punish and deter especially egregious wrongdoing, typically beyond mere compensation.

Quantum

The amount of compensation or damages awarded or claimed.

Respondent

A term used in tribunals (particularly employment tribunals) to describe the defendant or opposing party.

Settlement agreement

A legally binding agreement reached between parties resolving their dispute without proceeding to trial.

Small claims track

A simplified court procedure designed for resolving straightforward claims valued at £10,000 or less (£1,000 for personal injury).

Solicitor

A legal professional providing comprehensive legal advice, assistance with claims, preparation of documents, negotiation, and representation in court.

Special damages

Clearly quantifiable financial losses arising directly from an injury or breach, requiring specific evidence such as receipts or invoices.

Statute-barred

A claim that can no longer be brought forward because it exceeds the applicable limitation period.

Without prejudice

Negotiations or correspondence marked "without prejudice" cannot later be used in court as evidence against either party if the case proceeds to trial.

Witness statement

A formal, signed document containing an individual's factual account and evidence relevant to the claim.

Useful organisations

ACAS (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service)

ACAS provides free and impartial advice to employees and employers involved in employment-related claims or disputes. They offer expert mediation, conciliation, and guidance on workplace issues to help parties reach amicable resolutions without the need for litigation.

• Phone: 0300 123 1100

• Website: www.acas.org.uk

Bar Standards Board (BSB)

The Bar Standards Board regulates barristers in England and Wales, ensuring professional standards and ethical conduct. They handle complaints against barristers and offer resources to help the public choose reputable advocates.

• Phone: 020 7611 1444

• Website: www.barstandardsboard.org.uk

Citizens Advice

Citizens Advice offers free, independent advice on a wide range of issues including consumer rights, debt recovery, employment, and housing claims. Their trained advisors provide practical guidance, helping individuals navigate the claims process effectively.

• Phone: 0800 144 8848 (England), 0800 702 2020 (Wales)

• Website: www.citizensadvice.org.uk

Financial Ombudsman Service

The Financial Ombudsman resolves disputes between consumers and financial businesses, such as banks, insurers, and financial advisers. Their service is impartial, confidential, and free of charge for consumers.

• Phone: 0800 023 4567

• Website: www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk

HM Courts & Tribunals Service

HM Courts & Tribunals Service manages the administration of courts and tribunals across England and Wales. Their website provides essential forms, guidance, and resources for individuals navigating civil claims.

• Phone: 0300 303 0656

• Website: www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-courts-and-tribunals-service

Housing Ombudsman Service

The Housing Ombudsman handles complaints and disputes involving housing providers, including local councils and housing associations. They provide independent and impartial resolutions to help maintain healthy landlord-tenant relationships.

• Phone: 0300 111 3000

• Website: www.housing-ombudsman.org.uk

Law Centres Network

Law Centres provide free legal advice and representation to disadvantaged or low-income individuals on various civil law issues, including housing, employment, immigration, and welfare rights.

• Phone: 020 3637 1330

• Website: www.lawcentres.org.uk

Legal Aid Agency

The Legal Aid Agency offers financial assistance to individuals unable to afford legal advice or representation for eligible civil cases, including family disputes, housing matters, and certain personal injury cases.

• Phone: 0300 200 2020

• Website: www.gov.uk/legal-aid

Mind

Mind provides advice and support for individuals experiencing mental health difficulties, including stress or emotional distress caused by disputes or claims. They offer practical guidance, counselling, and mental health resources.

• Phone: 0300 123 3393

• Website: www.mind.org.uk

Money Helper

Money Helper gives impartial advice on financial matters related to claims, including guidance on managing legal costs, understanding legal expenses insurance, and planning finances after receiving compensation.

• Phone: 0800 138 7777

• Website: www.moneyhelper.org.uk

Motor Insurers' Bureau (MIB)

The MIB supports victims involved in road traffic accidents with uninsured or untraceable drivers, helping secure compensation when traditional claims routes are unavailable.

• Phone: 01908 830001

• Website: www.mib.org.uk

Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA)

The Solicitors Regulation Authority regulates solicitors in England and Wales. They offer resources to verify solicitor credentials and provide assistance if you have complaints about solicitor conduct.

• Phone: 0370 606 2555

• Website: www.sra.org.uk

All references

Bar Council (2023) “Public access to barristers”
https://www.barcouncil.org.uk/public-access

Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution (CEDR) (2022) “Mediation audit report”
https://www.cedr.com/about-us/library/mediation-audit-2022

Citizens Advice (2022) “Making a claim in the UK courts”
https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/law-and-courts/legal-system/taking-legal-action/making-a-civil-claim

Civil Justice Council (2023) “Improving the civil litigation process”
https://www.judiciary.uk/related-offices-and-bodies/advisory-bodies/cjc/publications

Civil Procedure Rules Committee (2023) “Civil Procedure Rules”
https://www.justice.gov.uk/courts/procedure-rules/civil

Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (2022) “Workplace Injury Statistics”
https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causinj/index.htm

Judicial College (2022) “Guidelines for the assessment of general damages in personal injury cases”
https://www.judiciary.uk/publications/judicial-college-guidelines

Judicial College (2023) “Judicial attitudes and best practices”
https://www.judiciary.uk/publications/judicial-college-research-and-best-practice

Legal Services Board (2023) “Review of legal costs and access to justice”
https://legalservicesboard.org.uk/our-work/access-to-justice/review-of-legal-costs

Ministry of Justice (2022) “Why claims matter”
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/why-claims-matter

Ministry of Justice (2023) “Litigation and ADR guidance”
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/adr-and-litigation-guidance

UK Government (2023) “Pre-action protocols overview”
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pre-action-protocols

Disclaimer

The information provided in this guide is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute professional dental advice. While the content is prepared and backed by a qualified dentist (the “Author”), neither Clearwise nor the Author shall be held liable for any errors, omissions, or outcomes arising from the use of this information. Every individual’s dental situation is unique, and readers should consult with a qualified dentist for personalised advice and treatment plans.

Furthermore, Clearwise may recommend external partners who are qualified dentists for further consultation or treatment. These recommendations are provided as a convenience, and Clearwise is not responsible for the quality, safety, or outcomes of services provided by these external partners. Engaging with any external partner is done at your own discretion and risk. Clearwise disclaims any liability related to the advice, services, or products offered by external partners, and is indemnified for any claims arising from such recommendations.